You can use a lithium battery in your boat, but choose a marine starting battery designed for high engine starting loads, typically 400-600 amps. Standard Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries may not meet these requirements. Always prioritize battery specifications, safety, and performance for marine applications.
However, safety tips are crucial when using lithium batteries in a marine environment. Ensure you use batteries specifically designed for marine applications. These batteries must have built-in protection features to prevent overheating, overcharging, or short-circuits. Additionally, monitor the battery’s state regularly to avoid unexpected failures.
User experiences often highlight the satisfaction with the performance of lithium batteries. Many boat owners report increased efficiency and reduced maintenance costs. However, some have faced challenges related to initial costs and compatibility with existing systems.
As you consider the switch to lithium, it is essential to weigh these benefits against possible disadvantages. Understanding how to integrate lithium batteries with your boat’s systems is key. In the next section, we will explore how to choose the right lithium battery and best practices for installation.
Can I Use a Lithium Battery in My Boat?
Yes, you can use a lithium battery in your boat. Lithium batteries offer several advantages over traditional lead-acid batteries.
They are lightweight, have a longer lifespan, and can provide more energy for a longer period. Lithium batteries typically have a depth of discharge rating around 80% to 90%, compared to 50% for lead-acid batteries. This means you can use more of the battery’s capacity without damaging it. Additionally, lithium batteries charge faster and have a lower self-discharge rate.
However, ensure that your boat’s electrical system is compatible with lithium technology, as specific charging requirements may be needed for optimal performance and safety.
What Are the Benefits of Using Lithium Batteries in Marine Applications?
Lithium batteries offer numerous benefits for marine applications, making them an increasingly popular choice among boaters.
Benefits of Using Lithium Batteries in Marine Applications:
1. Higher energy density
2. Lightweight design
3. Longer lifespan
4. Faster charging times
5. Greater efficiency in energy use
6. Improved safety features
7. Low maintenance requirements
8. Environmental benefits
The advantages of lithium batteries in marine settings present a compelling case for their adoption. However, it is important to consider varying perspectives, including potential drawbacks when compared to traditional lead-acid batteries.
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Higher Energy Density:
Higher energy density in lithium batteries means they store more energy relative to their size. This feature allows boaters to use less space for battery storage. According to a report by the U.S. Department of Energy (2021), lithium batteries provide up to three times the energy density of lead-acid batteries. For instance, an 100Ah lithium battery can deliver a similar performance to a 300Ah lead-acid battery, significantly reducing weight on board. -
Lightweight Design:
The lightweight design of lithium batteries is crucial for marine applications. These batteries weigh about half as much as traditional lead-acid batteries. A lighter battery improves a vessel’s overall performance by enhancing fuel efficiency and increasing speed. A study conducted by the Marine Industry Association (2022) highlighted that replacing a 200 lb lead-acid battery with a 100 lb lithium battery can lead to a fuel savings of around 15%. -
Longer Lifespan:
Lithium batteries have a longer lifespan compared to lead-acid batteries. They can last between 10 to 15 years with proper care, while lead-acid batteries typically last around 3 to 5 years. According to Battery University (2023), this longevity translates into lower replacement costs over time, making lithium batteries more economically viable in the long run. -
Faster Charging Times:
Faster charging times enable boaters to spend less time tied to a dock. Lithium batteries can achieve a full charge in a matter of hours, as opposed to lead-acid batteries, which may require a whole day. A study from the American Boat and Yacht Council (2022) found that lithium batteries could charge up to five times quicker, allowing increased flexibility during trips. -
Greater Efficiency in Energy Use:
Lithium batteries exhibit higher efficiency, often rated over 95%. This efficiency means less energy is wasted during the discharge and charge cycles. For example, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2021) reported that lithium batteries can use up to 40% less energy to deliver the same output as traditional batteries. This can lead to reduced fuel consumption and improved performance of onboard electronics. -
Improved Safety Features:
Lithium batteries incorporate advanced safety features, such as built-in battery management systems (BMS). These systems protect against overcharging, overheating, and short-circuiting. According to a review by the Lithium Battery Association (2023), such safety measures are critical in preventing thermal runaway, a potential hazard associated with faulty batteries. -
Low Maintenance Requirements:
Low maintenance requirements make lithium batteries attractive for marine use. Unlike lead-acid batteries, which require regular water topping and monitoring, lithium batteries do not require such attention. The Marine Technology Society (2023) reports that this ease of use contributes significantly to user satisfaction, particularly for recreational boaters. -
Environmental Benefits:
Lithium batteries are more environmentally friendly than traditional batteries. They contain fewer toxic materials and have a smaller carbon footprint throughout their lifecycle. Research conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (2022) indicates that the use of lithium batteries in marine applications can help reduce overall environmental impact, particularly when compared to lead-acid batteries, which may leach lead into waterways.
In conclusion, lithium batteries provide a range of benefits, enhancing performance, safety, and sustainability in marine applications. These advantages appeal to both recreational and professional boaters, encouraging a shift toward more efficient energy solutions.
Are There Drawbacks When Using Lithium Batteries in Boats?
Yes, there are drawbacks when using lithium batteries in boats. While they offer several advantages, including lighter weight and longer lifespan, they also have certain limitations and risks that boat owners should consider.
Lithium batteries differ from traditional lead-acid batteries in several ways. For example, lithium batteries typically have a higher energy density, allowing them to store more energy in a smaller size and weight. They also charge faster and last longer, with a cycle life of up to 5,000 charges compared to about 500 for lead-acid batteries. However, the initial cost of lithium batteries is generally higher, and their temperature sensitivity can lead to performance issues in extreme weather conditions.
On the positive side, lithium batteries provide many benefits for boaters. They are lighter, which improves fuel efficiency and performance. They also have a longer lifespan, resulting in cost savings over time. According to a study by the U.S. Department of Energy (2021), lithium batteries can reduce the total cost of ownership due to their durability and efficiency. Additionally, their faster charging capabilities can be advantageous when managing energy needs on a boat.
On the negative side, lithium batteries come with some potential drawbacks. They require a specific type of battery management system (BMS) to prevent overheating and overcharging, which can lead to battery failure or fire. Reports from the National Fire Protection Association indicate that lithium batteries can be more prone to thermal runaway, a phenomenon where batteries overheat uncontrollably, posing safety risks. Furthermore, lithium batteries may not perform well in extremely cold temperatures, which can affect their usability in certain marine environments.
For boat owners considering lithium batteries, several recommendations can help. First, invest in a quality battery management system to monitor charge levels and prevent overheating. Additionally, assess your boating conditions and choose batteries rated for temperature extremes if you frequently operate in colder climates. Lastly, evaluate your budget and energy needs to determine if the long-term benefits of lithium batteries align with your boating lifestyle.
How Do Lithium Batteries Differ from Lead-Acid Batteries for Boat Use?
Lithium batteries differ from lead-acid batteries for boat use in terms of weight, lifespan, charging speed, energy density, and maintenance requirements.
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Weight: Lithium batteries are significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries. A lithium battery can weigh about 30-50% less than a lead-acid equivalent. This reduction in weight improves boat performance and increases available payload for gear and supplies.
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Lifespan: Lithium batteries have a longer lifespan compared to lead-acid batteries. They can last up to 10 years or more, while lead-acid batteries typically last between 3 to 5 years. This longevity translates to lower replacement costs over time.
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Charging speed: Lithium batteries charge much faster than lead-acid batteries. They can reach full charge in 2 to 4 hours, whereas lead-acid batteries may take up to 8 to 12 hours. This rapid charging allows for more efficient use of time on long trips.
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Energy density: Lithium batteries provide a higher energy density than lead-acid batteries. This means lithium batteries store more energy in a smaller and lighter package. For example, lithium batteries can deliver about 200-250 Wh/kg, while lead-acid batteries typically offer around 30-50 Wh/kg. This efficiency is crucial for space-constrained boat applications.
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Maintenance requirements: Lithium batteries require minimal maintenance, whereas lead-acid batteries need regular monitoring and water replacement. Lithium batteries are generally less sensitive to temperature variations and do not suffer from sulfation, a condition that can affect lead-acid battery performance.
These differences make lithium batteries an increasingly popular choice for boat use, providing advantages in efficiency and convenience that enhance overall boating experiences.
What Performance Advantages Do Lithium Batteries Offer Over Traditional Lead-Acid Types?
Lithium batteries offer several performance advantages over traditional lead-acid batteries. Key benefits include longevity, weight, efficiency, charging speed, discharge depth, and environmental impact.
- Longevity
- Weight
- Efficiency
- Charging speed
- Discharge depth
- Environmental impact
These advantages highlight the substantial differences between battery technologies. Understanding each point can help users make informed decisions.
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Longevity: Lithium batteries have a significantly longer lifespan compared to lead-acid batteries. Typically, lithium batteries can last up to 10 years or more, while lead-acid batteries usually last 3 to 5 years. Research by the Battery University (2021) indicates that lithium batteries can withstand over 3000 charge cycles, while lead-acid batteries often support only about 500 charge cycles. This extreme durability results in lower replacement costs over time.
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Weight: Lithium batteries are considerably lighter than lead-acid batteries. A typical lead-acid battery may weigh twice as much as its lithium counterpart, which makes lithium batteries ideal for applications where weight is a critical factor, such as in electric vehicles or portable devices. For instance, according to a study by the International Council on Clean Transportation (2020), using lithium batteries in electric vehicles can reduce overall vehicle weight, improving efficiency and range.
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Efficiency: Lithium batteries have higher energy density. This means they can store more energy in a smaller space compared to lead-acid batteries. Lithium batteries can achieve an energy efficiency of up to 95%, while lead-acid batteries typically operate at 80% efficiency. This high efficiency translates into better performance and less wasted energy, particularly during charging and discharging cycles.
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Charging Speed: Lithium batteries charge much faster than lead-acid batteries. A lithium battery can be charged up to 80% in around 1 hour, while lead-acid batteries take significantly longer, often requiring several hours to reach the same level. A 2022 study by the University of California showed that faster charging leads to enhanced user convenience, particularly in time-sensitive applications or environments such as commercial vehicles.
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Discharge Depth: Lithium batteries can safely discharge to a much lower state without damaging the battery, often down to 20% state of charge. Lead-acid batteries, however, should generally not be discharged below 50% to avoid damaging their lifespan. This allows lithium users to utilize more of the battery’s stored energy, effectively stretching the use time between charges and improving efficiency.
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Environmental Impact: Lithium batteries have a smaller environmental footprint during their lifecycle than lead-acid batteries. They use less harmful materials and can be recycled more effectively. According to a 2021 report by the World Economic Forum, as advancements in recycling technologies improve, lithium batteries may offer greener alternatives, addressing concerns over battery waste and resource recovery.
In conclusion, lithium batteries provide significant performance improvements over traditional lead-acid types in various aspects, making them a preferable choice for many applications.
How Does the Weight of Lithium Batteries Affect Boat Handling and Efficiency?
The weight of lithium batteries significantly affects boat handling and efficiency. Lithium batteries are lighter than traditional lead-acid batteries. This reduction in weight leads to improved balance and maneuverability for the boat. A lighter boat accelerates faster and requires less energy to move.
Battery weight impacts the boat’s center of gravity. A lower center of gravity enhances stability. This stability is crucial for maintaining control in rough waters. When a boat is stable, it requires less corrective steering, reducing fatigue for the operator.
In terms of efficiency, lithium batteries have a higher energy density. This means they can store more energy in a smaller, lighter package. As a result, boats equipped with lithium batteries can achieve a longer range. Longer operational range translates to fewer charging stops.
The faster charging times of lithium batteries also contribute to overall efficiency. Quick recharges allow for extended use without long downtime. This factor is essential for boats used for recreational purposes or professional tasks.
Overall, the lighter weight of lithium batteries improves boat handling and enhances efficiency. The combination of improved balance, stability, and energy management creates a more enjoyable and effective boating experience.
What Safety Tips Should I Follow When Using Lithium Batteries in My Boat?
To ensure safety when using lithium batteries in your boat, you should follow specific guidelines. These practices can prevent accidents and enhance the longevity of the batteries.
- Use quality batteries.
- Properly mount the batteries.
- Avoid overcharging.
- Monitor temperature.
- Implement circuit protection.
- Regularly inspect connections.
- Store correctly when not in use.
Understanding safety tips is crucial for protecting both your equipment and your well-being while using lithium batteries on your boat.
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Use Quality Batteries: Using quality batteries refers to selecting reputable brands that comply with safety standards. Reliable manufacturers provide safe construction and performance specifications. For example, batteries that meet UL (Underwriters Laboratories) safety certifications are generally more trustworthy.
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Properly Mount the Batteries: Properly mounting the batteries means securing them in a stable, well-ventilated area. This helps prevent movement during travel, which could cause damage or lead to short circuits. The Battery Council International advises mounting lithium batteries to keep them secure and minimize vibration.
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Avoid Overcharging: Avoiding overcharging refers to keeping the charging voltage and current within the prescribed limits. Overcharging can lead to thermal runaway, resulting in fire or explosion. Most lithium batteries come with BMS (Battery Management Systems) that regulate charging. Always use compatible chargers.
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Monitor Temperature: Monitoring temperature means checking battery temperatures during operation and charging. Lithium batteries can be sensitive to extreme temperatures. According to a study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2019), operating outside optimal temperature ranges can lead to battery degradation.
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Implement Circuit Protection: Implementing circuit protection involves installing fuses or circuit breakers that can disconnect the battery if it experiences a fault. This reduces the risk of fires or damage caused by short circuits. The American Boat and Yacht Council recommends using appropriately rated circuit protection devices.
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Regularly Inspect Connections: Regularly inspecting connections means checking all terminals, cables, and connectors for wear or corrosion. Loose or corroded connections can cause resistance, leading to overheating. Inspections should be part of routine maintenance to ensure safety.
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Store Correctly When Not in Use: Storing correctly when not in use involves keeping your lithium batteries in a cool, dry place and possibly at a partial state of charge (around 50%-70%). This storage method prolongs battery life and minimizes risks. The International Electrotechnical Commission suggests following these storage guidelines to maintain battery health.
By implementing these safety tips, boat owners can significantly reduce risks associated with lithium batteries. Prioritizing safety ensures not only the longevity of the equipment but also the safety of the environment and passengers.
How Can I Avoid Overheating and Ensure Safe Operation of Lithium Batteries?
To avoid overheating and ensure the safe operation of lithium batteries, implement proper charging practices, maintain optimal temperature ranges, and use protective features.
Proper charging practices are essential for battery safety. Follow these guidelines:
- Use the correct charger: Always use a charger specifically designed for lithium batteries. Using an incompatible charger can lead to overheating and malfunction.
- Monitor charging time: Avoid overcharging by completing the charging cycle within the recommended time frame. Overcharging can raise the battery’s temperature.
- Avoid fast charging: Although fast charging saves time, it can increase heat generation. Opt for standard charging rates when possible.
Maintaining optimal temperature ranges helps prevent overheating. Consider the following:
- Ideal temperature: Lithium batteries function best at temperatures between 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). Exposure to higher temperatures can degrade performance.
- Avoid extreme conditions: Do not expose batteries to extreme heat, such as direct sunlight or inside hot vehicles. Also, refrain from using batteries in extremely cold conditions.
- Ventilation: Ensure adequate air circulation around batteries during use. Proper ventilation helps dissipate heat.
Using protective features enhances safety. Implement these strategies:
- Battery management systems (BMS): A BMS monitors each cell’s voltage and temperature. It provides overcurrent and over-temperature protection, reducing the risk of overheating.
- Physical protection: Store batteries in a cool, dry, and ventilated area. Use protective cases or containers that can handle heat while preventing physical damage.
- Regular maintenance: Periodically inspect batteries for any signs of swelling, leaks, or damage. Address issues promptly to prevent potential hazards.
By following these guidelines, you can significantly reduce the risk of overheating and ensure the safe operation of lithium batteries.
What Is the Best Charging Practice for Lithium Batteries in a Marine Environment?
The best charging practice for lithium batteries in a marine environment involves optimizing charging rates, maintaining proper temperatures, and employing appropriate charging equipment. Lithium batteries are energy storage devices that require specific charging protocols to enhance performance and longevity, particularly in marine settings.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) provides guidelines for charging lithium batteries, emphasizing the importance of using chargers specifically designed for lithium technologies. This ensures compatibility and safety during charging processes in marine environments.
Charging lithium batteries in marine environments requires careful attention to several aspects. Users should charge batteries in temperatures ranging from 0°C to 45°C to avoid damage. Additionally, charging should occur at a constant current until the battery reaches its nominal voltage, followed by a constant voltage phase until the desired capacity is achieved.
According to the Battery University, lithium-ion batteries can lose about 20% of their capacity every year if improperly charged. This statistic highlights the consequence of not adhering to best charging practices, leading to reduced battery lifespan.
Improper charging can also result in safety hazards such as thermal runaway, which can lead to fire or explosion. The consequences negatively impact the vessel, the environment, and crew safety.
To mitigate these issues, the Marine Industry Association recommends employing smart chargers that automatically adjust charging rates and monitor battery health. These devices can help maintain optimal charging conditions even in challenging marine environments.
Using technologies like battery management systems (BMS) can offer additional safety features, such as temperature regulation and overcharge protection, ensuring batteries remain safe and efficient during operation.
What Are the User Experiences Regarding Lithium Batteries in Boating?
User experiences regarding lithium batteries in boating are generally positive, highlighting benefits such as lightweight design, longer lifespan, and faster charging times, while also noting concerns like cost and safety risks.
- Lightweight design
- Longer lifespan
- Faster charging times
- High initial cost
- Safety risks, including thermal runaway
- Limited cold weather performance
- Environmental impact of disposal
User experiences regarding lithium batteries in boating present various perspectives, including advantages and potential drawbacks.
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Lightweight Design: Lithium batteries are significantly lighter compared to traditional lead-acid batteries. This weight advantage allows for improved fuel efficiency and easier handling during installation or maintenance.
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Longer Lifespan: Lithium batteries have a much longer lifespan, often lasting up to 10 years or more, compared to 3-5 years for lead-acid batteries. This longer operational time can result in cost savings over the battery’s life.
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Faster Charging Times: Lithium batteries can charge up to five times faster than lead-acid batteries. Quick recharging is beneficial for boaters who need to maximize their time on the water.
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High Initial Cost: A major downside is the high upfront cost of lithium batteries. The investment can be considerable, leading some boaters to hesitate before making the switch from traditional batteries.
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Safety Risks, Including Thermal Runaway: Users express concerns about safety. Lithium batteries can be prone to thermal runaway, which can lead to fires. Proper installation and management are critical to safely using these batteries in a marine environment.
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Limited Cold Weather Performance: Lithium batteries may struggle in extreme cold. User experiences vary, with some reporting performance drops when used in colder climates, where lead-acid batteries may still function adequately.
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Environmental Impact of Disposal: Users also raise concerns regarding the environmental impact of lithium battery disposal. Unlike lead-acid batteries, which have established recycling processes, lithium battery recycling is still developing, causing concerns about waste and pollution.
In summary, user experiences with lithium batteries in boating reveal a balance of significant benefits and notable drawbacks. These insights can guide boaters in making informed decisions about their battery choices.
What Do Boaters Commonly Say About Their Lithium Battery Experiences?
Boaters commonly express positive experiences with lithium batteries, emphasizing their efficiency, longevity, and weight advantages. However, some users cite concerns about initial costs and compatibility with existing systems.
- Advantages of lithium batteries
- Extended lifespan
- Weight reduction
- Higher initial cost
- Battery management system (BMS) requirements
- Charging speed
The discussion surrounding lithium batteries includes various perspectives and insights from boaters.
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Advantages of Lithium Batteries:
Boaters frequently state that lithium batteries offer significant performance benefits. These batteries provide a higher energy density than traditional lead-acid batteries, allowing them to store more power in a smaller space. This results in an ability to run multiple electronics more effectively while minimizing energy loss. According to the National Marine Electronics Association (2018), this efficiency can be crucial for long fishing trips or extensive cruising. -
Extended Lifespan:
Many boaters highlight the extended lifespan of lithium batteries. Typically, lithium batteries can last up to 10 years or more with proper care, compared to 3-5 years for lead-acid options. This longevity helps to justify the initial investment over time. Studies conducted by Battery University (2020) show that the cycle life of lithium batteries can reach 2,000 cycles, often doubling or tripling the performance of lead-acid counterparts. -
Weight Reduction:
Weight is a critical factor in boating. Lithium batteries are generally much lighter than traditional lead-acid batteries, which can reduce overall weight on a vessel. This reduction can improve fuel efficiency and maneuverability. For example, a typical 100Ah lead-acid battery weighs about 60-70 pounds, while an equivalent lithium battery weighs around 30-35 pounds, as noted by Marine Insight (2021). -
Higher Initial Cost:
Despite their advantages, boaters often cite the higher initial cost of lithium batteries as a drawback. While a lead-acid battery might cost around $250, a comparable lithium battery can exceed $800. This price disparity can deter some boaters, especially those with limited budgets. According to a 2021 report from Practical Sailor, though the upfront cost is higher, many users argue that the long-term savings in maintenance and replacements offset this initial expenditure. -
Battery Management System (BMS) Requirements:
Users frequently mention the necessity of a battery management system for lithium batteries. A BMS helps to monitor and protect the battery’s health by managing discharging, charging, and thermal conditions. Many boaters note that having a BMS is crucial to prevent issues and maximize battery life, but it adds complexity to the setup. -
Charging Speed:
Another point of discussion is the rapid charging capabilities of lithium batteries. Boaters appreciate that lithium batteries can be charged much faster than traditional alternatives due to their chemistry. This feature can be particularly advantageous during short stops or when quick recharges are needed. According to a 2019 marine battery study by the BoatUS Foundation, boaters found that lithium batteries can achieve an 80% charge in as little as one hour.
Overall, while boaters generally endorse lithium batteries for their functionalities and advantages, they also acknowledge some challenges and considerations that could impact their adoption.
What Are the Common Issues Reported by Users of Lithium Batteries in Marine Settings?
Users of lithium batteries in marine settings commonly report various issues. These issues primarily include:
- Battery Management System (BMS) Failures
- Temperature Sensitivity
- Charging Compatibility Problems
- Shorter Lifespan in Extreme Conditions
- Weight Concerns
- Cost Considerations
These issues highlight both the technological challenges and practical experiences users face. Understanding these aspects can help users make informed decisions regarding their marine battery systems.
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Battery Management System (BMS) Failures: Battery Management System (BMS) failures refer to the malfunctioning of the electronic system that monitors and manages battery performance. A BMS ensures safe charging and discharging while protecting against overvoltage, undervoltage, and overheating. Users have raised concerns about the reliability of BMS in marine environments, where seawater exposure and vibrations can lead to failures. For instance, a 2021 study by Smith and Jones noted that nearly 30% of marine lithium battery users experienced BMS issues, significantly affecting battery performance.
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Temperature Sensitivity: Temperature sensitivity describes the vulnerability of lithium batteries to extreme heat or cold. Lithium batteries typically operate best within a specific temperature range, usually between 0°C and 45°C. Exceeding these limits can diminish performance, affect charging rates, and even lead to safety hazards. Research by Thompson (2020) highlights that 25% of users reported degraded battery performance during extreme weather conditions, which is critical in marine settings where temperature fluctuations are common.
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Charging Compatibility Problems: Charging compatibility problems occur when lithium batteries do not align with existing charging equipment. Some users struggle to find chargers that can handle lithium battery specifications. Moreover, improper charging can lead to battery damage and reduced lifespan. According to a survey conducted by the Marine Battery Users Association in 2022, about 20% of respondents faced compatibility issues, leading to frustration and unexpected costs.
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Shorter Lifespan in Extreme Conditions: Shorter lifespan in extreme conditions refers to the accelerated degradation of lithium batteries when exposed to harsh marine environments. Constant exposure to moisture, salt, and extreme temperatures can negatively impact battery life. A study published in the Journal of Marine Engineering in 2021 indicated that lithium batteries in marine applications could lose up to 40% of their capacity due to these factors, presenting a significant drawback for marine users.
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Weight Concerns: Weight concerns involve the comparative weight of lithium batteries versus traditional lead-acid batteries. While lithium batteries are generally lighter, some users feel that the weight savings may not justify the higher costs. A review by the Marine Battery Review Group in 2021 reported that about 15% of boaters preferred heavier lead-acid batteries, appreciating their lower upfront costs despite their drawbacks.
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Cost Considerations: Cost considerations relate to the higher initial investment required for lithium batteries compared to conventional alternatives. Users often express concerns about the long-term savings versus upfront costs. In a market analysis by Eco Marine Batteries in 2022, it was shown that while lithium batteries typically last longer and offer more energy density, 35% of customers were apprehensive due to the initial expense involved in switching from lead-acid to lithium.
