A lead-acid battery usually has a capacity of 100 kWh. Its usable capacity varies with depth of discharge (DoD). At 50% DoD, the usable capacity is about 50 kWh. These batteries generally provide 500 charge cycles. They are heavier and need regular maintenance compared to lithium-ion batteries.
Lead-acid batteries are widely used due to their lower initial cost and robust design. However, they have limitations, such as shorter lifespan and lower energy density compared to lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries store more energy in a smaller size and can provide higher performance.
The efficiencies of both battery types reveal critical differences. Lead-acid batteries typically have a cycle life of about 500 charges, whereas lithium-ion batteries can last 1,500 cycles or more.
Understanding these distinctions is crucial when selecting a battery for specific applications. This leads us to the environmental impact of battery production and the recycling potential of lead-acid versus lithium-ion options. Exploring this aspect will provide a comprehensive view of battery sustainability in our technological landscape.
What Is the kWh Capacity of a Lead Acid Battery?
The kWh (kilowatt-hour) capacity of a lead-acid battery is a measure of the energy storage capability, reflecting how much energy the battery can provide over time. This capacity can vary widely based on the battery’s size and design, typically ranging from hundreds to thousands of kWh.
The Battery University defines the kWh capacity as the amount of energy a battery can deliver for one hour at a constant rate. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, lead-acid batteries are widely used for both stationary and mobile applications due to their reliability and cost-effectiveness.
Lead-acid batteries consist of lead anodes, lead dioxide cathodes, and a sulfuric acid electrolyte. Key aspects of their kWh capacity include the physical size, type (flooded, AGM, or gel), and the discharge rate, which impacts how effectively the stored energy can be used.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) describes the capacity of lead-acid batteries using the C-rate, which defines how quickly the energy can be discharged. The capacity ratings and specifications vary across manufacturers and applications.
Factors influencing capacity include temperature, age, and state of charge. Higher temperatures can decrease lifespan, while lower temperatures can reduce capacity.
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, a typical lead-acid battery can provide about 100-200 Ah (Amp-hours), translating to a kWh capacity ranging from 1.2 kWh to 2.4 kWh at a 12V rating.
The use of lead-acid batteries impacts energy consumption patterns and sustainability efforts in various sectors, including transportation and renewable energy integration.
From a health and environmental perspective, lead-acid batteries can be hazardous due to lead and sulfuric acid. Improper disposal can lead to soil and water contamination, affecting ecosystems and local communities.
For example, in communities reliant on lead-acid battery recycling, improper management can lead to health risks such as lead exposure, which affects cognitive development in children.
To address these challenges, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) advocates for responsible recycling practices and the use of sealed lead-acid batteries to minimize environmental risks.
Strategies include improving battery recycling technologies, increasing public awareness of proper disposal methods, and promoting alternative battery technologies, such as lithium-ion, which can offer higher efficiency and lower environmental footprints.
How Is This Capacity Measured in kWh?
Capacity is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) by calculating the amount of energy stored in a battery. This measurement quantifies how much power a battery can supply over time. To determine the capacity in kWh, one multiplies the voltage of the battery by its ampere-hour (Ah) rating and then divides by 1,000.
The formula is:
Capacity (kWh) = Voltage (V) × Ampere-hours (Ah) / 1,000.
For example, if a battery has a voltage of 12 volts and a capacity of 100 ampere-hours, the capacity in kWh would be calculated as follows:
Capacity (kWh) = 12 V × 100 Ah / 1,000 = 1.2 kWh.
This process allows users to understand how much energy a battery can provide before needing a recharge.
What Are the Common Sizes of Lead Acid Batteries in kWh?
The common sizes of lead acid batteries typically range from 12 kWh to 400 kWh.
- Common Lead Acid Battery Sizes:
– 12 kWh
– 24 kWh
– 48 kWh
– 100 kWh
– 200 kWh
– 400 kWh
These sizes cater to different applications and needs, which further influences choice and use.
- Detailed Explanation of Common Lead Acid Battery Sizes:
12 kWh: A 12 kWh lead acid battery is often used in small backup systems. It provides sufficient energy for essential appliances in a home during power outages. For instance, it can power a refrigerator, lights, and electronics for several hours.
24 kWh: The 24 kWh battery is suitable for small off-grid applications. It can support minimal energy needs for a small cabin or mobile home. This capacity is advantageous for those seeking small-scale renewable energy systems.
48 kWh: The 48 kWh size is popular for home solar energy systems. It allows homeowners to store solar energy for nighttime use or during cloudy days. These batteries can efficiently power a household, providing a buffer against energy prices fluctuations.
100 kWh: The 100 kWh lead acid battery is often utilized in commercial setups. It can be integrated with solar systems to provide a reliable energy source. For businesses, this size enables consistent power delivery and can enhance system resilience.
200 kWh: A 200 kWh capacity suits larger facilities or farms. It supports multiple systems, such as irrigation or farm equipment, which require significant energy supply. This battery size ensures operational efficiency in energy-intensive environments.
400 kWh: The 400 kWh lead acid battery is typically used in industrial applications. It can support extensive energy needs across large manufacturing facilities or data centers. With this size, companies can manage heavy energy loads effectively, ensuring continuity in operation.
Understanding the different sizes of lead acid batteries helps consumers select the right capacity for their specific energy needs, enhancing efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
How Do You Calculate the kWh of a Lead Acid Battery?
To calculate the kilowatt-hours (kWh) of a lead-acid battery, you multiply its capacity in amp-hours (Ah) by its voltage, then divide by 1,000 to convert to kilowatts.
To understand how this formula works, consider the following components:
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Capacity (Ah): This measurement indicates how much electric charge a battery can hold. For example, a 100Ah battery can deliver 100 amperes for one hour. The capacity is critical for determining how long a battery can supply power.
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Voltage (V): This measurement relates to the electrical potential difference. Most lead-acid batteries come in standard voltages like 6V and 12V. The voltage, in conjunction with capacity, helps determine the total energy stored.
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Calculation formula:
- The formula to calculate kWh is:
[
\textkWh = \frac\textCapacity in Ah \times \textVoltage in V1000
] -
For instance, a 12V, 100Ah lead-acid battery would have
[
\textkWh = \frac100 \, \textAh \times 12 \, \textV1000 = 1.2 \, \textkWh
] -
Effect of battery condition: The real usable capacity of a lead-acid battery can be less than its rated capacity. Factors like age, temperature, and discharge rate significantly affect performance. A study by Sullivan et al. (2021) noted that lead-acid batteries could lose up to 30% of their capacity over time or under unfavorable conditions.
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Conversion to kWh: Since kWh is a measure of energy consumption or production over time, it helps in comparing how much energy different batteries can supply. This information is vital for applications like solar energy storage.
By using this understanding of capacity, voltage, and the conversion formula, one can accurately calculate the kWh of a lead-acid battery, allowing for informed decisions regarding energy needs and usage.
What Formula Do You Use to Determine kWh for Lead Acid Batteries?
To determine kilowatt-hours (kWh) for lead-acid batteries, you can use the formula: kWh = (Capacity in Amp-hours (Ah) × Voltage (V)) / 1000.
- Key Points for Calculating kWh for Lead Acid Batteries:
– Understand battery capacity in Ah.
– Know the battery voltage (typically 2, 6, or 12 volts).
– Consider the efficiency of the battery (usually around 80-90%).
– Account for temperature effects on capacity.
– Take into account the discharge rate (C-rate).
The nuances of calculating kWh for lead-acid batteries reflect varying perspectives on capacity, efficiency, and application.
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Battery Capacity in Ah:
Battery capacity in Ah indicates how much electric charge a battery can deliver over a specified period. A battery with a larger Ah rating can store more energy. For example, a 100 Ah battery can theoretically provide 100 amps for one hour or 50 amps for two hours. -
Battery Voltage:
The voltage of a lead-acid battery is critical for calculating total energy storage. Common voltages include 2V, 6V, and 12V configurations. The total voltage is crucial when working with battery arrays, as connecting batteries in series or parallel affects the overall voltage and current. -
Battery Efficiency:
Battery efficiency refers to the amount of energy that can be used from the total energy stored. Lead-acid batteries typically operate at 80-90% efficiency. This loss can signify that not all stored energy is available for use. An understanding of efficiency can help users gauge real-world performance compared to theoretical calculations. -
Temperature Effects:
Temperature can dramatically affect battery performance and capacity. Cold temperatures can reduce capacity, whereas high temperatures can enhance it but may also shorten battery lifespan. Users should be aware of these effects, especially in locations with extreme weather conditions. -
Discharge Rate (C-rate):
The discharge rate, also known as the C-rate, defines how quickly the battery is being used. A discharge at 1C means the battery is drained completely in one hour. Rapid discharges can lead to reduced effective capacity, and users should account for this when estimating storage in kWh.
In summary, calculating kWh for lead-acid batteries requires understanding capacity, voltage, efficiency, temperature effects, and discharge rate. Each of these factors plays a vital role in the overall energy management strategy for users relying on lead-acid battery technology.
How Are Amp-Hours Related to the kWh of a Lead Acid Battery?
Amp-hours (Ah) and kilowatt-hours (kWh) are two ways to measure the energy capacity of a lead-acid battery. Amp-hours quantify the battery’s charge capacity over time, while kilowatt-hours represent the total amount of energy the battery can deliver. To relate amp-hours to kilowatt-hours, follow these steps:
-
Understand the definitions:
– Amp-hours measure current over time. For example, a battery rated at 100 Ah can theoretically provide 100 amps for one hour, or 50 amps for two hours, before being depleted.
– Kilowatt-hours measure energy consumption. It represents how much power is used over time. -
Recognize the voltage of the battery:
– Lead-acid batteries typically operate at a voltage of 12 volts or 24 volts. This voltage is crucial in converting amp-hours to kilowatt-hours. -
Apply the formula:
– To convert amp-hours to kilowatt-hours, use the formula: kWh = (Ah × Volts) / 1000. This formula takes into account the voltage and converts the resulting value to kilowatt-hours. -
Example calculation:
– For a 12-volt lead-acid battery rated at 100 Ah, the calculation would be: kWh = (100 Ah × 12 V) / 1000 = 1.2 kWh. This means the battery can deliver 1.2 kilowatt-hours of energy.
In summary, amp-hours indicate the battery’s charge capacity, while kilowatt-hours indicate the total energy that can be delivered. The relationship between them depends on the battery’s voltage and can be expressed mathematically.
What Factors Influence the kWh Output of a Lead Acid Battery?
The kWh output of a lead-acid battery is influenced by several key factors, including capacity, discharge rate, temperature, age, and maintenance.
- Capacity
- Discharge Rate
- Temperature
- Age
- Maintenance
These factors interact with each other, creating a complex relationship that affects a battery’s performance and efficiency.
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Capacity: The capacity of a lead-acid battery refers to the amount of energy it can store, typically measured in ampere-hours (Ah). This capacity directly influences the kilowatt-hour (kWh) output, where kWh is calculated as the product of the capacity in Ah and the voltage of the battery. For example, a 12V battery with a capacity of 100Ah can theoretically provide 1.2 kWh (12V x 100Ah / 1000). According to the Battery University, a common lead-acid battery typically has a capacity that ranges between 50 Ah to over 300 Ah, which significantly affects the total kWh output.
-
Discharge Rate: The discharge rate, or the speed at which energy is drawn from the battery, affects its kWh output. Higher discharge rates can lead to decreased efficiency. For instance, consistent discharging at rates above the battery’s specifications can result in less usable energy. As noted in a study by Jeong et al. (2019), lead-acid batteries experience a phenomenon called “Peukert’s Law,” which states that as the discharge rate increases, the effective capacity of the battery decreases.
-
Temperature: The operating temperature significantly impacts the performance of lead-acid batteries. Higher temperatures can increase the internal resistance and the rate of self-discharge, while exceptionally low temperatures can decrease capacity and efficiency. The Department of Energy highlights that lead-acid batteries perform best at around 25°C (77°F), which is when they can deliver their rated capacity effectively. As temperatures deviate from this point, the kWh output may diminish.
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Age: The age of the battery directly correlates with its output capability. Lead-acid batteries degrade over time due to wear and loss of material from electrodes. According to a report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, after around 3 to 5 years of standard usage, the capacity can diminish significantly, impacting the overall kWh output. Regular maintenance and proper charging practices can help extend battery life.
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Maintenance: Proper maintenance practices, such as regular checks for fluid levels and keeping terminals clean, can positively influence the kWh output of lead-acid batteries. Well-maintained batteries experience less wear and can operate at higher efficiencies. A study by the International Battery Association (2020) emphasized that neglecting maintenance can lead to lower performance and decreased kWh output over time.
In summary, the kWh output of a lead-acid battery is influenced by its capacity, discharge rate, temperature, age, and maintenance practices.
How Do Temperature and Age Impact Lead Acid Battery Capacity?
Temperature and age significantly impact lead-acid battery capacity by affecting chemical reactions and internal resistance within the battery.
Temperature affects a lead-acid battery’s performance in the following ways:
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Chemical Reaction Rates: Higher temperatures increase the rate of chemical reactions within the battery. The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture (Jones, 2021) found that for every 10°C increase in temperature, the capacity can increase by about 2-3%. However, excessive heat can also lead to faster degradation and reduced overall lifespan.
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Internal Resistance: Low temperatures result in higher internal resistance. The Electrochemical Society (Smith et al., 2020) reported that cold temperatures (below 0°C) can reduce a lead-acid battery’s capacity by up to 50% due to sluggish reactions. This increased resistance reduces the battery’s efficiency in delivering power.
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Self-Discharge Rates: Temperature influences self-discharge rates. At higher temperatures, lead-acid batteries tend to self-discharge more quickly. According to the Association of Battery Manufacturers (Lee, 2019), self-discharge can increase by 0.5-1% per day for every 10°C rise in temperature.
Age also plays a crucial role in a lead-acid battery’s capacity and performance:
-
Electrode Corrosion: Over time, the electrodes within a lead-acid battery can corrode. This corrosion reduces the active material available for charge and discharge cycles. A study by the International Journal of Energy Research (Palmer, 2018) notes that capacity loss due to corrosion can be significant after just a few years of use.
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Sulfation: Aging batteries accumulate lead sulfate crystals on the plates due to incomplete charging. This process, known as sulfation, prevents full capacity utilization. The Battery University (Graham, 2022) states that sulfation can lead to a capacity loss of 20% or more in batteries that are not regularly maintained.
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Cycle Life: The number of charge and discharge cycles affects battery age and overall capacity. As batteries age, their ability to hold a charge diminishes. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Klein et al., 2017) indicates that a typical lead-acid battery has a cycle life of around 500-800 cycles, after which capacity significantly decreases.
In summary, both temperature and age are crucial factors that determine lead-acid battery capacity. Optimal temperature conditions and timely maintenance can delay capacity loss, enhancing the battery’s lifespan and performance.
What Is the Role of Depth of Discharge in Battery Efficiency?
The depth of discharge (DoD) refers to the percentage of a battery’s capacity that has been used. In simple terms, it measures how much energy has been drawn from the battery compared to its total capacity. A lower DoD means less energy has been used, while a higher DoD indicates more usage.
According to the Battery University, “The depth of discharge is an important parameter as it affects the lifespan and efficiency of a battery.” This source emphasizes the critical nature of understanding DoD for optimal battery utilization.
The DoD influences several aspects of battery performance, including cycle life, efficiency, and charging characteristics. Frequent deep discharges can shorten a battery’s overall lifespan. Batteries typically have recommended DoD levels to maintain optimal performance.
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) also notes that “a battery’s DoD can significantly affect its efficiency and longevity,” highlighting the concept’s importance in both consumer and industrial applications.
Factors affecting DoD include battery chemistry, load conditions, and ambient temperature. Different battery types, such as lead-acid and lithium-ion, have varied tolerances for DoD.
A study by Technavio projects that improper DoD management could reduce battery life by 30% to 40%. This data underscores the necessity of appropriate discharge practices to enhance battery efficiency.
The implications of DoD extend to various sectors, affecting technology, renewable energy storage, and electric vehicles. Poor DoD management can lead to increased costs and sustainability challenges.
In health and environmental contexts, inefficient battery use can increase pollution and resource depletion. Economically, reduced battery life leads to higher replacement costs for consumers and industries alike.
For instance, electric vehicle batteries can lose significant capacity if frequently discharged beyond optimal levels. This results in more frequent replacements and increased waste.
To address these issues, organizations like the International Energy Agency recommend better DoD monitoring and management strategies. Adopting smart battery management systems could significantly improve battery longevity and performance.
Utilizing technologies like Battery Management Systems (BMS) can help optimize DoD. Furthermore, educating users about appropriate discharge levels is essential for maximizing battery efficiency.
How Does the kWh Output of Lead Acid Batteries Compare to Lithium-Ion Batteries?
The kWh output of lead-acid batteries generally compares unfavorably to that of lithium-ion batteries. Lead-acid batteries typically offer energy densities ranging from 30 to 50 Wh/kg, while lithium-ion batteries provide energy densities of about 150 to 250 Wh/kg.
To understand this difference, consider the main components: energy capacity and weight. Energy capacity refers to the total amount of electricity stored, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). Weight influences the practicality and efficiency of the battery.
The first step is to recognize that lithium-ion batteries store more energy in a smaller and lighter package. This allows devices to operate longer before needing a recharge. The second step is to assess the cycle life of both battery types. Lead-acid batteries typically last for around 500-1,000 charge cycles, whereas lithium-ion batteries can last 2,000-5,000 cycles. This longer lifespan contributes to the overall value of lithium-ion batteries.
Finally, when synthesizing this information, it is clear that lithium-ion batteries provide superior kWh output and longevity compared to lead-acid batteries. This difference influences their application in various fields, including electric vehicles and portable electronics. In conclusion, lithium-ion batteries outperform lead-acid batteries in terms of energy output and efficiency.
What Are the Key Differences in Capacity and Efficiency?
The key differences between capacity and efficiency lie in their definitions and implications in various contexts, such as energy storage or manufacturing processes.
-
Definitions:
– Capacity: Refers to the maximum amount that something can contain or produce.
– Efficiency: Indicates the ratio of useful output to total input in a process. -
Measurement:
– Capacity is usually measured in units like liters, watts, or pounds.
– Efficiency is often expressed as a percentage. -
Application Contexts:
– In energy systems, capacity affects how much energy can be stored, while efficiency impacts how effectively that energy is used.
– In manufacturing, capacity refers to production volume, and efficiency relates to resource utilization. -
Importance:
– High capacity is crucial for meeting demand, while high efficiency reduces waste and operating costs.
– Balancing both aspects can lead to optimized performance. -
Conflicting Views:
– Some argue that increasing capacity can sometimes come at the cost of efficiency, signaling the need for a trade-off.
– Others believe that innovations in technology can enhance both capacity and efficiency concurrently.
Understanding the distinctions between these two concepts is essential for effectively managing resources and optimizing performance in various fields.
-
Definitions:
Definitions clarify the fundamental meanings of capacity and efficiency. Capacity denotes the maximum amount of a resource, such as energy in a battery or production in a factory. Efficiency measures how well a system transforms input into useful output. It assesses effectiveness in converting resources into final products or energy. -
Measurement:
Measurement of capacity generally involves concrete units like liters for volume, watts for energy, or units per hour for production. For efficiency, it is typically calculated as a percentage, indicating how much of the total input is converted into desired output. For instance, if a machine consumes 100 units of energy but produces only 75 units of usable work, its efficiency is 75%. -
Application Contexts:
Application contexts significantly influence how capacity and efficiency are understood. In energy systems, capacity is critical in determining how much energy can be stored in a system, like a lead-acid battery, which might have a capacity of 100 ampere-hours (Ah). In contrast, efficiency denotes how well that stored energy can perform useful tasks. For example, a solar panel system’s efficiency might be 20%, meaning it converts 20% of the sunlight it receives into usable electricity. Similarly, in manufacturing, a factory’s capacity reflects the maximum output per shift, while efficiency measures how much of that potential output is realized based on resource utilization. -
Importance:
Importance underscores the relevance of both capacity and efficiency in operational strategies. High capacity is vital for meeting consumer demand and maintaining supply chains. Conversely, high efficiency is crucial for minimizing costs and reducing waste in operations. Research from the Institute of Energy Economics (IEEJ, 2021) suggests that organizations achieving optimal efficiency can reduce operational costs by 20% or more. Balancing these factors is key for effective resource management. -
Conflicting Views:
Conflicting views arise regarding the relationship between capacity and efficiency. Some experts contend that increasing capacity can lead to decreased efficiency, especially when resources are stretched too thin. For example, a factory running at full capacity might experience wear and tear, leading to inefficiencies. On the other hand, technological advancements offer a counterpoint. Innovations like more efficient machinery or better energy storage solutions can allow businesses to increase capacity without sacrificing efficiency. A study by Smith et al. (2022) indicates that companies adopting innovative technologies often see simultaneous gains in both capacities, such as doubling production output while boosting efficiency metrics.
These differences are critical for optimizing performance across various sectors, particularly in energy management and manufacturing processes.
How Do Cost and Lifespan Compare Between Lead Acid and Lithium-Ion Batteries?
Lead acid batteries are generally less expensive and have a shorter lifespan compared to lithium-ion batteries, which offer longer lifespans but at a higher initial cost.
Lead acid batteries typically cost between $100 to $200 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of storage. Their average lifespan is about 3 to 5 years, depending on usage and maintenance. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries can range from $300 to $700 per kWh, yet they last approximately 10 to 15 years. This difference in cost and lifespan can be evaluated through the following points:
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Cost Analysis: Lead acid batteries are cheaper upfront, making them accessible for many consumers. Their production cost averages around $130 per kWh (Hao et al., 2020). However, lithium-ion batteries, though more expensive initially, have been declining in price over the years. As of 2021, their average cost was about $150 per kWh (BloombergNEF, 2021).
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Lifespan Comparison: The lifespan of lead acid batteries is significantly shorter than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lead acid batteries often last 500 to 1,000 charge cycles, while lithium-ion batteries can last 2,000 to 5,000 cycles (Nykvist & Nilsson, 2015). This means that while lead acid batteries may be cheaper to purchase, they require more frequent replacements.
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Performance Factors: Lithium-ion batteries offer higher energy density compared to lead acid solutions. This means they can store more energy in less space. As a result, lithium-ion batteries are more efficient for applications such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems that require longer-lasting power.
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Environmental Considerations: Lead acid batteries have a higher environmental impact upon disposal. They contain lead, which is toxic, whereas lithium-ion batteries, while also recyclable, generally have a lower toxicity profile. Proper recycling methods can mitigate the environmental impact of both types of batteries.
In summary, while lead acid batteries are cheaper and easier to obtain, their shorter lifespan and lower efficiency make lithium-ion batteries a more economical choice in the long run for many applications.
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