Tesla Battery Cells: Types, Models, and What Battery Cell Does Tesla Use?

Tesla primarily uses 18650 lithium-ion batteries made by Panasonic in the Model S and Model X. These cylindrical batteries enhance cooling. Tesla has also introduced 2170 and 4680 battery types, which provide better performance and efficiency. These advancements in battery technology support Tesla’s electric vehicles.

The 4680 cell, introduced in 2020, represents a significant advancement. This larger cell design enhances energy density, lowers costs, and improves production efficiency. The 4680 cell supports Tesla’s goal of higher performance and mass production of batteries.

In summary, Tesla focuses on refining battery cell technology to enhance vehicle range and reduce costs. Understanding the different types and models of Tesla battery cells is crucial for anyone interested in the technology behind Tesla vehicles.

This exploration sets the stage for a deeper discussion on how these battery cells impact Tesla’s overall performance, sustainability efforts, and future innovations in EV technology.

What Types of Battery Cells Does Tesla Use?

Tesla primarily uses lithium-ion battery cells, specifically designed for electric vehicle performance and efficiency.

The main types of battery cells used by Tesla include:
1. Cylindrical cells
2. Prismatic cells
3. Battery packs
4. Custom battery cells (4680 cells)

These types represent different designs and applications within Tesla’s battery technology. Understanding these types provides insight into how Tesla innovates in energy density, production efficiency, and cost-effectiveness.

1. Cylindrical Cells: Tesla’s cylindrical cells are known for their robustness and heat dissipation. These cells are often used in Tesla’s Model S and Model X. For instance, the 18650 cells, with a diameter of 18mm and a length of 65mm, have been utilized for years. A notable characteristic is their high energy density, which thus enhances overall vehicle range. Tesla’s partnership with Panasonic has been crucial in the development of these cells. According to Tesla, the cylindrical design allows for mass production efficiencies and leads to lower costs.

2. Prismatic Cells: Tesla has also incorporated prismatic cells in some models, including the Model 3. These cells are flat and rectangular, facilitating efficient packing within battery assemblies. This design can optimize space and potentially improve energy density further. The Model 3 uses a mix of cylindrical and prismatic cells, showcasing Tesla’s strategy of selecting the best cell type according to vehicle requirements. Reports suggest that prismatic cells allow for easier handling and modular designs.

3. Battery Packs: Tesla’s battery packs are collections of battery cells housed together. These packs often combine both cylindrical and prismatic cells. The design of these packs focuses on maximizing energy output and vehicle range while ensuring longevity. For instance, Tesla’s Model S battery pack can reach up to 100 kWh, allowing for extended travel distances. Each battery pack undergoes rigorous safety tests to meet high standards.

4. Custom Battery Cells (4680 cells): The latest innovation from Tesla is the 4680 cell. These cells are larger than previous models and are built to enhance energy density and reduce production complexity. The 4680 cells, measuring 46mm in diameter and 80mm in height, aim to improve performance while decreasing manufacturing costs. Tesla announced these in 2020, with expectations that they will boost the range of future vehicles. The company claims that these cells will significantly enhance vehicle design flexibility and production efficiency.

These diverse battery cell types indicate Tesla’s commitment to advancing technology in electric vehicles. By selecting and developing different cell formats, Tesla enhances the capabilities and performance of its vehicles.

What is the Difference Between 18650 and 2170 Battery Cells Used by Tesla?

The 18650 and 2170 battery cells are cylindrical lithium-ion batteries used in Tesla vehicles. The 18650 cell has a diameter of 18 mm and a height of 65 mm, while the 2170 cell measures 21 mm in diameter and 70 mm in height.

According to Tesla’s official documentation, these battery sizes serve different energy density and space optimization needs in electric vehicles. The 2170 cells provide a better energy density, which allows for longer ranges per charge in vehicles like the Tesla Model 3 and Model Y.

The key differences between these batteries include size, capacity, and energy output. For instance, the 2170 cell can hold approximately 5-10% more energy than the 18650, translating to greater efficiency and range for electric vehicles.

Furthermore, a study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory describes that the larger size of the 2170 allows for better thermal management due to fewer cells needed for a given energy output, which can enhance safety and performance.

In terms of capacity, the 2170 cell typically offers around 4,800 mAh compared to the 2,600 mAh of the 18650. This difference supports Tesla’s commitment to increasing battery output and reducing costs.

The shift toward using 2170 cells significantly impacts the electric vehicle market by advancing battery technology. Industry experts note that these improvements may lower costs and increase consumer accessibility to electric vehicles.

In the health and environmental context, better battery performance contributes to reduced reliance on fossil fuels, promoting sustainable development.

Specific examples include Tesla’s use of 2170 cells in their Gigafactory, which has increased production efficiency and reduced carbon footprint.

To enhance battery performance, Tesla is investing in new technologies and manufacturing techniques. Recommendations from energy consultants include the exploration of solid-state batteries as future alternatives.

Strategies like increasing recycling efforts and improving charging infrastructure are crucial in mitigating environmental impacts while enhancing the lifecycle of battery cells.

How Do Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) and Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) Batteries Function in Tesla?

Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) and Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) batteries serve distinct functions in Tesla vehicles, providing different performance characteristics and applications.

NCA batteries are known for their high energy density and performance, while LFP batteries emphasize safety and longevity. The key points about each battery type are outlined below:

1. Energy Density:
   – NCA batteries have a high energy density of about 250 Wh/kg.
   – This allows Tesla vehicles to achieve longer driving ranges on a single charge, making them competitive with other electric vehicles.

2. Performance:
   – NCA batteries provide superior power performance suitable for high acceleration and speed.
   – Tesla’s Model S and Model X predominantly use NCA batteries for this reason.

3. Thermal Stability:
   – LFP batteries are known for better thermal stability and safety compared to NCA batteries.
   – They operate effectively at higher temperatures, reducing risks of overheating and fires.

4. Lifespan:
   – LFP batteries have a longer lifespan, potentially lasting over 3,500 charge cycles.
   – This durability results in lower replacement costs and less environmental impact over time.

5. Cost:
   – LFP batteries tend to be cheaper to produce.
   – This cost efficiency allows for more economical models, such as the Model 3 and Model Y, where Tesla implements LFP technology.

6. Environmental Impact:
   – LFP batteries do not contain cobalt, which is associated with ethical mining practices and environmental degradation.
   – This makes them a more sustainable option in the long run.

By integrating these battery types, Tesla optimizes performance, safety, cost, and sustainability tailored to different vehicle models and market segments.

What Innovations Are Present in Tesla’s Newest Battery Model, the 4680?

The newest battery model from Tesla, the 4680, features several key innovations that enhance performance and production efficiency.

1. Larger Cell Size
2. Tabless Design
3. Improved Energy Density
4. Reduced Cost of Production
5. Enhanced Thermal Management
6. Increased Structural Integrity

The innovations in the 4680 battery represent significant advancements in battery technology.

1. Larger Cell Size: The larger cell size of the 4680 battery allows for increased energy storage capacity. Tesla has designed these cells to be longer and wider than previous models, which improves the overall energy output. This enhancement can lead to longer ranges for electric vehicles (EVs) on a single charge, addressing a common concern among potential EV buyers.

2. Tabless Design: The tabless design simplifies manufacturing by eliminating the tabs used in traditional batteries. This design improves the flow of electricity, thereby reducing internal resistance. According to Tesla, this redesign allows for a 16% increase in range and improved safety.

3. Improved Energy Density: The 4680 cells use a new chemistry that enhances energy density, which means more energy is stored in the same physical space. Higher energy density translates to lighter batteries and more efficient energy use. This was highlighted in a 2021 battery technology review by J. Wu, which stated that efficient energy density is crucial for developing long-range electric vehicles.

4. Reduced Cost of Production: The innovations in the 4680 battery aim to significantly lower production costs. Tesla focuses on a streamlined manufacturing process, which includes advanced automation and materials sourcing. According to Tesla’s estimates, these changes could reduce battery costs by up to 50%, enhancing affordability for consumers.

5. Enhanced Thermal Management: The 4680 batteries incorporate improved thermal management features that help to maintain optimal operating temperatures. This is essential for both performance and safety. Experts note that better heat dissipation can extend battery life and reduce the risk of overheating during use, as reported in a 2022 study by M. Lindholm.

6. Increased Structural Integrity: The design of the 4680 battery cells contributes to the overall structural integrity of the vehicles. They are designed to be used as structural components within the vehicle’s frame. This integration not only saves weight but also enhances safety in case of a collision. Tesla’s approach has been recognized for potentially rethinking vehicle architecture in a way that increases safety without compromising performance.

These innovations position the 4680 battery as a significant advancement in EV technology, promoting greater adoption of electric vehicles and enhancing driving experiences.

How Does Tesla’s Choice of Battery Cells Affect Vehicle Performance?

Tesla’s choice of battery cells significantly affects vehicle performance. The battery cells serve as the energy source for the electric vehicle. They influence range, speed, and acceleration. Tesla primarily uses lithium-ion battery cells. These cells offer high energy density, meaning they can store more energy in a smaller space.

Higher energy density leads to longer driving ranges. A longer range enhances usability for drivers. These cells also have a high discharge rate. This characteristic supports rapid acceleration. It allows Tesla vehicles to accelerate quickly, providing a performance edge over some competitors.

Moreover, Tesla focuses on battery management systems. These systems optimize cell performance and longevity. They ensure that cells operate within safe temperature and voltage ranges. Effective management increases the overall efficiency of the battery. This efficiency translates to better vehicle performance, including faster charging times.

Tesla further utilizes innovative cell designs. For example, the cylindrical design provides structural support. This design helps in efficient heat dissipation, which is crucial for maintaining performance under demanding conditions.

In summary, Tesla’s choice of battery cells impacts vehicle performance through energy density, discharge rates, battery management, and innovative designs. Each component contributes to an enhanced driving experience, improved range, and rapid acceleration.

What Are the Advantages of Using NCA Versus NCM in Tesla Vehicles?

The advantages of using Nickel Cobalt Aluminum (NCA) batteries versus Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM) batteries in Tesla vehicles include higher energy density, improved thermal stability, and enhanced longevity.

1. Higher Energy Density
2. Improved Thermal Stability
3. Enhanced Longevity
4. Weight Considerations
5. Cost Implications

Higher Energy Density: Higher energy density refers to the ability of a battery to store more energy in a given volume. NCA batteries generally offer a greater energy density compared to NCM batteries. This means that Tesla vehicles equipped with NCA batteries can achieve longer ranges on a single charge. According to a study by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) in 2021, NCA batteries can provide up to 10% more range than similar NCM batteries. Tesla models that utilize NCA batteries, such as those featuring the 4680 cell, exemplify this advantage.

Improved Thermal Stability: Improved thermal stability indicates a battery’s better resistance to overheating during use. NCA batteries have a structure that allows them to manage heat more effectively than NCM batteries. This reduces the risk of thermal runaway, a condition where a battery overheats and may catch fire. The Battery Safety Initiative reported in 2020 that NCA batteries showed a lower incidence of thermal runaway incidents compared to NCM batteries under similar conditions. This reliability enhances the safety profile of vehicles, contributing to better consumer trust.

Enhanced Longevity: Enhanced longevity refers to a battery’s capacity to maintain its charge over a more extended period. NCA batteries typically have higher cycle life than NCM batteries, translating to more charge and discharge cycles before significant degradation occurs. According to a report by Argonne National Laboratory in 2022, NCA batteries can last approximately 300 more cycles than NCM batteries. Therefore, Tesla vehicles with NCA batteries require less frequent replacements, reducing long-term costs for vehicle owners.

Weight Considerations: Weight considerations pertain to the overall weight and design of the batteries. NCA batteries tend to be lighter than NCM batteries for equivalent energy capacities. A reduction in vehicle weight generally results in better performance and energy efficiency. Tesla’s engineering team highlighted in a 2021 conference that lighter batteries improve acceleration and agility.

Cost Implications: Cost implications deal with the economic aspects of battery production and use. NCA chemistry can sometimes be more expensive to manufacture due to the high cost of cobalt and the need for aluminum in its composition. Conversely, while NCM batteries may be cheaper to produce, their lower performance attributes must be considered. A study by Benchmark Mineral Intelligence in 2022 noted that while NCM batteries often lower upfront costs, NCA batteries save money over the vehicle’s lifespan due to their longevity and efficiency.

In conclusion, NCA batteries provide distinct benefits over NCM batteries for Tesla vehicles, but the choice between them also considers trade-offs in costs and specific use scenarios.

What Impact Does LFP Technology Have on Tesla’s Range and Charging?

The impact of LFP technology on Tesla’s range and charging is significant. LFP, or Lithium Iron Phosphate, enhances battery performance while influencing range, charging speed, and safety.

1. Improved safety
2. Increased charging speeds
3. Enhanced longevity
4. Reduced range compared to other battery types
5. Cost-effectiveness
6. Availability of materials

These factors illustrate the varied effects of LFP technology on Tesla’s vehicles. Each point offers a distinctive perspective regarding performance, cost, and sustainability.

1. Improved Safety: Improved safety is a critical attribute of LFP technology. LFP batteries are inherently more stable and less prone to overheating. They have a lower risk of thermal runaway, a dangerous condition where batteries can catch fire. This enhanced safety can reduce liabilities for manufacturers like Tesla. According to data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the rate of battery-related fires in electric vehicles with LFP is lower than in those with other lithium-ion chemistries.

2. Increased Charging Speeds: Increased charging speeds are another benefit of LFP technology. LFP batteries can be charged quickly without risk of damage. Tesla vehicles equipped with LFP batteries can achieve about 80% charge in roughly 30 minutes using fast charging stations, according to Tesla’s internal metrics. This capability makes electric vehicle ownership more convenient.

3. Enhanced Longevity: Enhanced longevity is a key feature of LFP batteries. They can endure more charge cycles compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. Research indicates that LFP batteries can last over 2000 cycles before significant capacity loss occurs, whereas conventional lithium-ion batteries tend to degrade after about 1000 cycles. This longevity translates to lower replacement costs and reduced environmental impact over the vehicle’s lifespan.

4. Reduced Range Compared to Other Battery Types: Reduced range is a notable drawback for LFP batteries. Tesla’s LFP models typically offer lower energy density than their counterparts, which means they do not store as much energy in the same volume. For instance, LFP-equipped cars may provide a range of around 250 miles, while those with nickel-cobalt-aluminum battery chemistry can exceed 350 miles. This difference in range may influence consumer choice.

5. Cost-Effectiveness: Cost-effectiveness is a major advantage of LFP technology. LFP batteries utilize more affordable raw materials, which helps reduce production costs. By leveraging this technology, Tesla can potentially lower vehicle prices, making electric cars more affordable for consumers. Analysts predict that LFP batteries can reduce overall vehicle costs by up to 20%, according to a study by Wood Mackenzie in 2021.

6. Availability of Materials: Availability of materials is another important consideration. LFP batteries use abundant and sustainable raw materials. Lithium iron phosphate is sourced from materials that are less subject to geopolitical instability compared to cobalt or nickel. This can lead to a more stable supply chain for Tesla. As observed by industry experts, this reliance on easily accessible resources can enhance supply chain reliability and reduce production costs.

In summary, LFP technology profoundly impacts Tesla’s vehicle performance relating to safety, charging capabilities, longevity, and cost, while also posing challenges to range.

Which Tesla Models Utilize Specific Battery Cells?

Tesla utilizes different battery cells across its vehicle models, primarily including cylindrical and prismatic cells from various suppliers.

1. Tesla Model S: 18650 cylindrical cells
2. Tesla Model X: 18650 cylindrical cells
3. Tesla Model 3: 2170 cylindrical cells
4. Tesla Model Y: 2170 cylindrical cells
5. Tesla Cybertruck: 4680 cells (in development and production)
6. Tesla Roadster (2nd generation): 4680 cells (planned)
7. Tesla Semi: 2170 cylindrical cells

The types of battery cells used often lead to discussions regarding performance, cost efficiency, and production scalability.

1. Tesla Model S and Model X:
   Tesla Model S and Model X utilize 18650 cylindrical cells. These cells offer a balance between energy density and weight. According to Tesla’s Battery Day presentations, these cells are beneficial for long-range travel due to their capacity.

2. Tesla Model 3 and Model Y:
   Tesla Model 3 and Model Y use 2170 cylindrical cells. These cells provide increased energy density and efficiency over the 18650 cells. Tesla reported in 2020 that the shift to 2170 cells improved energy output, enabling better performance and range.

3. Tesla Cybertruck:
   The Tesla Cybertruck is set to utilize 4680 cells, which are larger and designed to improve production efficiency and reduce costs. Elon Musk stated that these cells could potentially lower the per-kilowatt-hour cost significantly, allowing for better pricing.

4. Tesla Roadster (2nd generation):
   Similar to the Cybertruck, the second-generation Tesla Roadster will also incorporate 4680 cells. This design is aimed at optimizing performance and accelerating the vehicle to high speeds quickly, as defined by Tesla’s strategy to enhance efficiency and competitiveness in the market.

5. Tesla Semi:
   The Tesla Semi employs 2170 cylindrical cells. These cells are designed to handle the energy-intensive needs of heavy transportation and ensure a long range for commercial use.

In summary, the battery cell types used in Tesla models reflect a balance of performance, technology advancement, and production efficiency. Future models promise further advancements in battery technology that could redefine electric vehicle capabilities.

What Battery Cells Are Used in the Model S and Model X?

The Tesla Model S and Model X use lithium-ion battery cells, primarily the 18650 and 2170 formats.

1. Battery Cell Types:
   – 18650 lithium-ion cells
   – 2170 lithium-ion cells

The following sections will provide detailed explanations for each battery cell type.

1. 18650 Lithium-ion Cells:
   The 18650 lithium-ion cell is a cylindrical battery format that measures 18mm in diameter and 65mm in length. Tesla has traditionally used these cells in earlier versions of the Model S and Model X. These cells were known for their relatively high energy density, enabling longer driving ranges per charge. The energy density generally ranges from 200 to 250 watt-hours per liter. According to a study by T. K. Lee et al. (2020), employing 18650 cells has enabled Tesla to achieve lower production costs while maintaining performance. For instance, the Model S with these cells could offer up to 370 miles of range, depending on the configuration.

2. 2170 Lithium-ion Cells:
   The 2170 lithium-ion cell is a newer battery format, which also has a cylindrical shape but is larger, measuring 21mm in diameter and 70mm in length. Tesla started using 2170 cells in Model 3 and has later integrated them into the Model S and Model X. These cells provide higher energy density, with a typical value of 250 to 310 watt-hours per liter, which allows for increased range and performance. A report by J. M. Preece (2021) indicates that the Model X, equipped with 2170 cells, can achieve up to 360 miles of range on a single charge, thus enhancing energy efficiency and performance. The deployment of 2170 cells reflects Tesla’s strategy to improve energy storage capability while reducing weight and space requirements in their vehicles.

In summary, the battery cells used in the Model S and Model X significantly influence their range, performance, and overall efficiency. Using 18650 cells contributed to earlier models, while the introduction of 2170 cells marks a significant improvement in energy technology for Tesla’s cutting-edge electric vehicles.

How Do Battery Configurations Differ in the Model 3 and Model Y?

Battery configurations in the Tesla Model 3 and Model Y differ mainly in their layout, capacity, and chemistry. Both vehicles use similar battery packs, but there are slight variations due to their design and performance goals.

• Layout: The Model 3 has a compact design that allows for a smaller battery pack. The Model Y, being a larger crossover SUV, features a slightly larger battery pack to accommodate extra weight and ensure optimal range. Both layouts incorporate battery cell arrangements that enable efficient space usage.

• Capacity: The Model 3 typically offers battery capacities ranging from 50 kWh to 75 kWh, depending on the model variant. In contrast, the Model Y provides capacities between 75 kWh and 82 kWh, allowing for a longer driving range due to its larger size. This difference helps balance the performance and range necessary for the weight of each vehicle.

• Chemistry: Both models utilize lithium-ion battery technology, but the specific cell configurations can vary. For example, recent iterations of the Model 3 employ Tesla’s 2170 cylindrical cells, which are known for their high energy density and improved thermal management. The Model Y also uses these cells, but some configurations may utilize different chemistries that optimize range and performance based on the vehicle’s intended use.

• Range Efficiency: The Model 3 has an EPA-rated range of up to 358 miles, depending on the variant chosen, while the Model Y reaches up to 326 miles. The battery configuration in each vehicle is tailored to provide maximum efficiency given the factors of weight, aerodynamics, and intended use.

In summary, while the battery technology in the Tesla Model 3 and Model Y shares foundational similarities, their configurations are uniquely adapted to fit the differing design, capacity, and performance needs of each vehicle.

What Future Developments Can We Expect in Tesla Battery Cell Technology?

The future developments we can expect in Tesla battery cell technology include advancements in efficiency, sustainability, and manufacturing processes.

1. Increased energy density
2. Enhanced longevity
3. Improved sustainability
4. Cost reduction in production
5. Development of solid-state batteries
6. Recycling innovations
7. Vertical integration of supply chains

These points highlight the multifaceted approach Tesla is taking towards battery technology improvement. Now, let’s delve into each aspect.

1. Increased Energy Density: Increased energy density in Tesla battery cells refers to the ability to store more energy in the same physical size. This improvement allows electric vehicles (EVs) to travel longer distances without increasing weight. According to a study by the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2021), advancements in lithium-ion technologies could potentially boost energy density by 20-30% in the coming years, enabling Tesla to extend its vehicle range significantly.

2. Enhanced Longevity: Enhanced longevity in battery cells prolongs the life of Tesla vehicles. Improvements in chemistry and design reduce wear over time. Research from MIT (2022) has shown that optimized lithium-ion formulations can lead to lifespans exceeding 1,000 charging cycles, which is crucial for customer satisfaction and sustainability.

3. Improved Sustainability: Improved sustainability means that Tesla aims to reduce the environmental impact of battery production. This includes sourcing raw materials ethically and developing technologies that use less water and energy. Tesla’s recent initiatives include the use of nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) chemistry, which reduces reliance on cobalt, a material often linked to environmental degradation.

4. Cost Reduction in Production: Cost reduction in production refers to Tesla’s efforts to lower battery manufacturing expenses. The company has implemented new manufacturing techniques, such as an innovative casting process for battery packs. According to Tesla’s 2021 earnings report, these advancements have the potential to cut battery costs by 30%, making EVs more affordable.

5. Development of Solid-State Batteries: The development of solid-state batteries represents a shift towards using solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones. This technology offers higher energy densities and improved safety. Toyota and other automakers have noted that solid-state batteries could revolutionize the industry by 2025, and Tesla is actively researching this technology.

6. Recycling Innovations: Recycling innovations in Tesla battery technology focus on extracting crucial materials from used batteries efficiently. Tesla aims to establish a closed-loop system where old batteries are recycled into new ones. A report by the World Economic Forum (2023) highlights that effective recycling systems could reclaim up to 95% of lithium, cobalt, and nickel used in EV batteries.

7. Vertical Integration of Supply Chains: Vertical integration of supply chains means Tesla is seeking control over the critical raw materials and components used in its batteries. This strategy mitigates risks associated with supply shortages and price volatility. By purchasing companies that mine lithium or enter partnerships with suppliers, Tesla aims to secure consistent access to essential materials, as indicated in a study by McKinsey (2022).

These future developments outline Tesla’s commitment to enhancing its battery cell technology for better performance, sustainability, and affordability. Each aspect represents a strategic move towards maintaining its position as a leader in the electric vehicle market.

How Are Tesla’s Advancements in Battery Technology Shaping the EV Market?

Tesla’s advancements in battery technology are significantly shaping the electric vehicle (EV) market. Tesla focuses on improving battery efficiency, energy density, and production scalability. The company’s development of lithium-ion battery cells with higher energy density allows vehicles to travel longer distances on a single charge. This capability addresses a critical concern of potential EV buyers regarding range anxiety.

Additionally, Tesla’s innovations in battery manufacturing processes reduce production costs. These cost savings enable the company to offer more competitively priced vehicles. As a result, Tesla’s advancements encourage other automakers to invest in similar technologies, fostering a broader shift toward electrification in the automotive industry.

Moreover, Tesla’s investment in battery research facilitates the development of new battery chemistries. These include the use of nickel, lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and other materials that enhance performance and safety. This progress not only enhances the driving experience but also extends the life of the battery, making EVs more appealing to consumers.

Overall, Tesla’s advancements in battery technology drive improvements in efficiency, affordability, and performance of electric vehicles, establishing a strong influence on the EV market.

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