What To Do If A Lithium-Ion Battery Starts Burning: Safety Tips And Fire Prevention [Updated On- 2025]

If a lithium-ion battery catches fire, use a foam extinguisher, CO2, or ABC dry chemical. You can also use powdered graphite, copper powder, or sodium carbonate (baking soda). Avoid Class D extinguishers as they are meant for lithium-metal fires. Always prioritize safety and evacuate if the fire spreads.

Next, contact emergency services for professional assistance. Avoid breathing in smoke or fumes, as they can be harmful. If the fire occurs in a confined space, try to seal off the area to prevent smoke from spreading.

Fire prevention is key to avoiding such situations. Store lithium-ion batteries in cool, dry places, and avoid overcharging them. Always use the appropriate charger for your device, and inspect batteries regularly for signs of swelling or damage.

Understanding these safety tips and knowing what to do in an emergency can protect yourself and others. In the next section, we will explore proper battery maintenance to ensure lasting performance and safety.

# Table of Contents

What Are the Main Causes of Lithium-Ion Battery Fires?

The main causes of lithium-ion battery fires include manufacturing defects, improper charging, physical damage, and extreme temperatures.

Manufacturing defects
Improper charging
Physical damage
Extreme temperatures

Understanding the causes of lithium-ion battery fires provides a context for fire prevention and safety measures.

Manufacturing Defects: Manufacturing defects can lead to fires in lithium-ion batteries. These defects may arise from poor quality control, insufficient insulation, or the presence of impurities in the battery materials. According to a study by the US Department of Energy (DOE), defects account for a considerable percentage of battery fires, emphasizing the importance of stringent manufacturing standards. A notable case is the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 recall in 2016, where design flaws led to overheating and fires in several devices.
Improper Charging: Improper charging practices can cause lithium-ion batteries to overheat. Overcharging occurs when a battery receives more voltage than it is designed to handle, leading to thermal runaway, which is a chain reaction causing extreme heat and potential fires. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) advises using manufacturer-certified chargers and avoiding charging overnight to minimize these risks.
Physical Damage: Physical damage, including punctures and dents, can compromise the internal structure of lithium-ion batteries. Such damage may cause short circuits within the cells, leading to overheating and fires. A report from the Battery Safety Organization (BSO) states that handling batteries roughly or using damaged batteries significantly increases fire risks.
Extreme Temperatures: Exposure to high or low temperatures can impair the performance of lithium-ion batteries. According to a study published in the Journal of Power Sources, extreme heat can accelerate the aging process, making the battery more prone to fires. Conversely, low temperatures can cause lithium plating, which may also increase fire risk. The Battery University recommends storing lithium-ion batteries in a cool, dry place to enhance their safety and longevity.

What Should You Do Immediately If a Lithium-Ion Battery Starts Burning?

If a lithium-ion battery starts burning, immediately evacuate the area and call emergency services.

Evacuate the area.
Call emergency services.
Use a Class D fire extinguisher.
Do not use water.
Monitor the battery.

The need to act quickly is crucial for safety and effective fire management.

Evacuate the Area:
Evacuating the area is critical to ensure safety. Lithium-ion battery fires can produce toxic smoke and may lead to explosions. Keep a safe distance while alerting others nearby.
Call Emergency Services:
Calling emergency services is essential for professional assistance. Firefighters are trained to handle hazardous materials, including lithium-ion battery fires. Provide them with detailed information about the situation and your location.
Use a Class D Fire Extinguisher:
Using a Class D fire extinguisher is recommended for lithium-ion battery fires. Class D extinguishers are designed for metal fires and use dry powder to smother flames. This type of extinguisher can be found in industrial settings.
Do Not Use Water:
You should avoid using water to extinguish a lithium-ion battery fire. Water can react with the materials in the battery and potentially cause an explosion.
Monitor the Battery:
Monitoring the battery is necessary if the fire is extinguished but the battery remains intact. A smoldering battery can reignite later. Keep a safe distance and wait for emergency professionals to assess the situation.

By adhering to these steps, individuals can effectively manage the risks associated with a lithium-ion battery fire.

How Can You Evacuate an Area Safely During a Lithium-Ion Battery Fire?

To evacuate an area safely during a lithium-ion battery fire, follow established emergency protocols, assess the situation, and prioritize communication and personal safety.

First, recognize the nature of lithium-ion battery fires. These fires can be intense and may produce toxic smoke and flammable gases. Understanding this helps responders manage the situation effectively.

Assess the Fire’s Size and Location: Evaluate how large the fire is and where it is occurring. Small fires may be controllable, but larger fires require immediate evacuation.
Activate the Alarm System: If in a building, pull the fire alarm to alert others. This action initiates evacuation protocols for everyone in the area.
Communicate Clearly: Notify others in the vicinity about the fire. Use clear and assertive language to direct people to evacuate quickly and calmly.
Evacuate Safely: Identify the nearest exits. Encourage everyone to use stairs instead of elevators. Quick and orderly evacuation minimizes panic and chaos.
Keep Low to the Ground: Smoke inhalation poses serious risks. Instruct evacuees to stay low to the ground where the air is clearer.
Avoid Re-Entry: After evacuating, do not return to the building until emergency services declare it safe.
Use Fire Extinguishers with Caution: If trained, and only if the fire is small and manageable, use an appropriate fire extinguisher (Class D for metal fires) to attempt to control the flames.
Wait for Emergency Services: Once evacuating, move to a safe distance. Allow firefighters to handle the situation. They have specialized training for lithium-ion fires.
Follow Up: Report the fire to local authorities, detailing all necessary information. This helps prevent future incidents.

According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, 2021), proper education and awareness around lithium-ion battery safety can significantly reduce the risks associated with fires. Following these steps can help ensure safety during a lithium-ion battery fire situation.

What Materials Are Effective for Extinguishing a Lithium-Ion Battery Fire?

The most effective materials for extinguishing a lithium-ion battery fire are dry chemical extinguishing agents, foam, and certain types of fire blankets.

Dry chemical extinguishing agents (e.g., Class D agents)
Foam extinguishers
Fire blankets
Sand or earth
Water (only in certain scenarios with extreme caution)

These options each have specific applications and effectiveness, with conflicting opinions regarding their safety and efficiency in different situations.

Dry Chemical Extinguishing Agents:
Dry chemical extinguishing agents, particularly Class D agents, are effective for lithium-ion battery fires. These agents work by smothering the fire and interrupting the chemical reaction that sustains it. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) classifies these agents for use against combustible metals and lithium, making them suitable for lithium-ion battery fires. Field studies indicate they can extinguish lithium battery fires quickly and efficiently, often classified as a first line of defense.
Foam Extinguishers:
Foam extinguishers can be effective for lithium-ion fires, as they suppress flammable liquids formed from burning battery components. Foam creates a barrier between oxygen and the burning material. Research by the Fire Protection Research Foundation suggests that foam extinguishers can also prevent re-ignition by cooling the heat and sealing the surface. However, their use requires careful consideration and should typically follow dry chemical agents for the best results.
Fire Blankets:
Fire blankets are useful for smothering smaller fires. They can deprive the flames of oxygen and be easily deployed on a battery fire. According to a case study from the University of Illinois, fire blankets can effectively extinguish small lithium-ion battery fires if applied quickly. Nevertheless, their effectiveness relies on the size of the fire and the user’s ability to safely cover the flames without injury.
Sand or Earth:
Using sand or earth is another effective method, especially in situations where other materials are not available. Sand can smother flames and cool overheated battery components. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has noted that these substances are particularly useful in outdoor settings and where chemical extinguishers are impractical, as they can create a barrier and absorb heat.
Water (with Caution):
Water can be used to extinguish small lithium-ion battery fires under extreme caution. When used improperly, water can react unfavorably with certain battery chemistries, making the fire worse. The NFPA recommends using water primarily for cooling surrounding areas but advises against using it directly on lithium-ion fires unless there is no other option. Significant field incidents, such as those analyzed by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, illustrate the dangers of using water inappropriately on lithium battery fires.

The choice of extinguishing material should be made with an understanding of the fire’s characteristics and the materials involved.

What Signs Indicate a Lithium-Ion Battery Is Overheating or Damaged?

Signs that indicate a lithium-ion battery is overheating or damaged include:

Excessive heat during charging or use.
Physical swelling or deformation of the battery.
Unusual odors, such as a burning smell.
Leakage of electrolyte fluid from the battery.
Sudden decrease in battery performance or runtime.
Audible hissing or popping sounds.
Activation of thermal protection features, such as automatic shutdown.

These signs are critical to assess for battery safety and performance. Immediate attention is necessary upon observing any of these indicators.

Excessive Heat:
Excessive heat occurs when a lithium-ion battery becomes too hot during charging or use. Regular temperature ranges depend on the battery type, but temperatures exceeding 60°C (140°F) are considered alarming. High temperatures can arise from overcharging, internal short circuits, or environmental factors.
Physical Swelling:
Physical swelling in a lithium-ion battery indicates internal gas buildup. This phenomenon, known as “bulging,” suggests thermal runaway, where the battery’s temperature rises uncontrollably. A bulging battery may crack or leak, posing further risks.
Unusual Odors:
Unusual odors, particularly a burning or acrid smell, can indicate overheating or a chemical reaction within the battery. This may suggest imminent failure or risk of fire, necessitating immediate action to cool or discontinue use.
Electrolyte Leakage:
Electrolyte leakage points to physical damage or corrosion within the battery. The liquid may appear as a sticky substance on the battery’s surface. This leakage compromises battery integrity, potentially resulting in hazardous conditions if the liquid contacts other materials.
Decrease in Battery Performance:
A sudden decrease in battery performance indicates potential damage. The battery may hold less charge than before or deplete rapidly during use. This can signify issues like internal shorting or age-related decline in capacity.
Audible Hissing or Popping Sounds:
Audible hissing or popping sounds from lithium-ion batteries can suggest overheating or internal malfunction. These sounds may indicate gas venting, which is a precursor to failure or fire. Such symptoms require immediate investigation.
Activation of Thermal Protection Features:
The activation of thermal protection features occurs when a battery reaches critical temperatures. These features, such as automatic shutdown, help prevent fires and further damage. This activation is a critical safety mechanism to mitigate hazards.

Recognizing these signs can help users manage lithium-ion battery safety effectively. Regular monitoring and proper maintenance can minimize risks associated with overheating and damage.

What Safety Precautions Can Help Prevent Lithium-Ion Battery Fires?

The following safety precautions can help prevent lithium-ion battery fires:

Use approved chargers and cables.
Avoid overcharging the battery.
Store batteries in cool, dry places.
Inspect batteries for damage.
Avoid exposing batteries to extreme temperatures.
Do not mix old and new batteries.
Dispose of batteries properly.
Monitor for swelling or unusual behavior.
Install smoke detectors in battery storage areas.

These precautions emphasize different approaches to battery safety. Now, let’s explore these precautions in detail.

Use Approved Chargers and Cables: Using chargers and cables approved by the manufacturer significantly reduces the risk of battery fires. These devices are designed to meet safety standards and have built-in protections to prevent overheating and overcharging. A study conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission in 2021 reported that using non-certified products increases the chances of electrical fires.
Avoid Overcharging the Battery: Overcharging can lead to excessive heat, which is a primary cause of battery failure. Lithium-ion batteries are designed to stop charging when full; however, continuously connected to a power source can lead to malfunction. According to a report by Battery University, maintaining battery charging habits can extend battery life and ensure safety.
Store Batteries in Cool, Dry Places: A cool and dry environment mitigates the risk of thermal runaway, which occurs when the battery temperature rises uncontrollably. The National Fire Protection Association recommends storing lithium-ion batteries in temperatures between 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) to maintain optimal performance and safety.
Inspect Batteries for Damage: Regular inspections are crucial. Batteries with visible damage, such as dents, cracks, or corrosion, should be disposed of immediately. The American Chemical Society published a study in 2022 showing a higher failure rate among damaged batteries, emphasizing the importance of careful handling.
Avoid Exposing Batteries to Extreme Temperatures: Extreme heat can lead to battery ventilation or rupture, while extreme cold can diminish performance. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) states that batteries perform best in moderate temperatures and encourages users to keep them away from direct sunlight or heat sources.
Do Not Mix Old and New Batteries: Mixing batteries of different ages can cause imbalances in voltage and capacity, increasing the risk of overheating. This perspective is supported by research from the Journal of Power Sources, which highlights the negative impact of battery mismatching on performance and safety.
Dispose of Batteries Properly: Batteries must be disposed of according to local regulations. Improper disposal can lead to fires in landfills or waste facilities. The Environmental Protection Agency outlines specific guidelines for recycling and disposing of lithium-ion batteries to minimize risks.
Monitor for Swelling or Unusual Behavior: Swelling or unusual noises indicate potential battery failure. It is important to take immediate action by discontinuing use and contacting professionals. A case study from the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2021 shows that early detection of these signs can prevent serious incidents.
Install Smoke Detectors in Battery Storage Areas: Having smoke detectors installed in places where batteries are stored enhances safety. This proactive measure ensures that any fire is detected early, allowing for a swift response. The National Fire Protection Association underscores the importance of smoke alarms in homes, particularly in storage areas.

Implementing these safety precautions will significantly reduce the risk of lithium-ion battery fires and enhance overall safety in environments where these batteries are used.

How Can Proper Charging Practices Minimize Fire Risks?

Proper charging practices can significantly minimize fire risks by ensuring that devices charge safely, maintaining battery integrity, and avoiding overheating. This summary breaks down the key points:

Use Manufacturer-Approved Chargers: Using chargers designed for specific devices reduces the risk of overvoltage and overheating. A study by Smith and Lee (2020) shows that third-party chargers increase the probability of charging malfunctions, which can lead to fires.
Avoid Overcharging: Overcharging can cause batteries to swell and potentially rupture. Batteries can reach dangerous temperatures when left plugged in after they are fully charged. According to research from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), approximately 22% of fire incidents involving electronics are due to overcharging.
Charge in a Suitable Environment: Charging devices in well-ventilated areas lowers the risk of excessive heat buildup. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recommends keeping devices away from flammable materials while charging to further reduce fire risks.
Monitor Battery Health: Regularly checking battery health helps identify issues before they escalate. A study by Zheng et al. (2021) reports that worn batteries are more prone to malfunction. Signs of swelling or unusual heat should prompt immediate discontinuation of use.
Turn Off Devices When Not in Use: Switching off devices during charging, when not in use, or overnight can minimize the potential for thermal runaway—a condition where excessive heat leads to battery combustion. The Battery University indicates this practice can reduce fire risk by up to 30%.
Avoid Extreme Temperatures: Charging in excessively hot or cold environments can compromise battery safety. Research shows that lithium-ion batteries perform poorly under extreme conditions, increasing the likelihood of failure. The International Electrotechnical Commission advises operating temperatures between 0°C to 45°C (32°F to 113°F).

By following these practices, individuals can significantly reduce the fire risks associated with battery charging.

What Are the Best Storage Practices for Lithium-Ion Batteries?

The best storage practices for lithium-ion batteries include keeping them at optimal temperatures, storing them partially charged, and avoiding extreme conditions.

Store at Cool Temperatures
Use Partial Charge (40-60%)
Avoid Moisture
Keep Away from Metal Objects
Regularly Check Battery Condition
Use Original Packaging when Possible

These practices are essential for ensuring the longevity and safety of lithium-ion batteries. Let’s explore each of these best practices in detail.

Store at Cool Temperatures: Storing lithium-ion batteries at cool temperatures is critical for maintaining their health. Optimal storage temperatures range between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). Heat can accelerate chemical reactions within the battery, leading to reduced capacity and lifespan. A study by Choi et al. (2016) found that batteries stored at elevated temperatures could experience a capacity loss of up to 20% within a year.
Use Partial Charge (40-60%): Keeping lithium-ion batteries partially charged between 40% to 60% is a best practice for storage. This level helps in preventing battery degradation associated with full discharge or long-term charging. The Battery University mentions that storing batteries at different charge levels can lead to voltage stress and shorten their life.
Avoid Moisture: Moisture significantly impacts battery performance. Storing lithium-ion batteries in a dry environment minimizes the risk of corrosion and leakage. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) suggests ensuring that storage spaces are climate-controlled to prevent humidity damage.
Keep Away from Metal Objects: Lithium-ion batteries should be stored away from metallic items to prevent short circuits. A short circuit can lead to overheating and potential fires. A report from the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) highlights incidents where batteries ignited due to accidental contact with conductive materials.
Regularly Check Battery Condition: Monitoring batteries regularly for any signs of swelling, cracking, or leakage is essential. This practice helps in identifying issues early and mitigating risks. The Energy Storage Association recommends inspecting batteries at least every few months to ensure they remain safe and functional.
Use Original Packaging when Possible: If available, using original packaging for storage is beneficial. The packaging is designed to protect the battery and reduce the risk of accidental damage. Moreover, the packaging often contains necessary labels and instructions for safe handling, as noted by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Implementing these storage practices can greatly enhance the safety and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries, leading to a more reliable performance over time.

What Health Risks Are Associated With Burning Lithium-Ion Batteries?

The health risks associated with burning lithium-ion batteries include the release of toxic gases, chemical exposure, and physical hazards from explosions or fires.

Release of Toxic Gases
Chemical Exposure
Fire and Explosion Risks

The potential consequences of these health risks can severely impact public safety and the environment.

Release of Toxic Gases:
The release of toxic gases occurs when lithium-ion batteries burn. These gases include carbon monoxide, hydrogen fluoride, and other harmful compounds. The inhalation of these gases can lead to respiratory issues and other health complications. According to a study by Long et al. (2020), exposure to hydrogen fluoride can cause immediate harm to the lungs and skin, resulting in severe health problems.
Chemical Exposure:
Chemical exposure happens during the combustion of lithium-ion batteries. The battery’s internal components can leak hazardous materials upon burning. These materials may include lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can pose serious health risks upon contact or inhalation. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) emphasizes that direct exposure to these elements can lead to irreversible damage to human health, including neurological disorders and other chronic conditions.
Fire and Explosion Risks:
Fire and explosion risks arise when lithium-ion batteries are improperly handled or disposed of. When a battery ignites, it can create flames and projectiles, which pose physical hazards to nearby individuals. Research by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) indicates that lithium-ion battery fires can escalate rapidly, resulting in uncontrolled blazes that endanger lives and property. For instance, in 2019, a lithium-ion battery explosion in a New York City e-scooter rental facility led to serious injuries and property damage, highlighting the critical need for safety measures when handling such batteries.

This comprehensive understanding of the health risks associated with burning lithium-ion batteries can guide safer practices and regulatory measures.

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