Lithium batteries are better than lead-acid in cost-effectiveness, durability, and efficiency. Lithium offers longer cycle life and better voltage stability (95% efficiency vs. 80-85% for lead-acid). Lead-acid is easier and cheaper to install. Choose based on your application and setup needs.
Cost is a significant factor in the Lithium vs Lead Acid debate. Lithium batteries typically have a higher upfront cost but longer lifespans, often lasting over a decade. Lead Acid batteries are cheaper initially but tend to degrade quicker, which may lead to additional expenses over time.
Performance matters greatly in this comparison. Lithium batteries charge faster and have a higher discharge rate. They are more suitable for applications requiring quick bursts of energy. Lead Acid batteries, while reliable for applications like backup power and starting engines, may fall short under heavy usage.
When considering applications, Lithium batteries dominate in modern technology, such as smartphones and electric vehicles. Lead Acid batteries excel in traditional roles, such as in uninterruptible power supplies and automotive systems.
Having explored the battery types’ cost, performance, and applications, it is essential to delve deeper into specific use cases to determine the best choice for various scenarios.
What Are the Key Differences Between Lithium and Lead Acid Batteries?
The key differences between Lithium and Lead Acid batteries are as follows:
| Characteristic | Lithium Batteries | Lead Acid Batteries |
|---|---|---|
| Energy Density | Higher energy density, allowing for more energy storage in a smaller size | Lower energy density, bulkier for the same energy storage |
| Weight | Lighter weight, making them easier to handle and install | Heavier, which can be a disadvantage in portable applications |
| Charging Time | Faster charging capabilities | Longer charging times |
| Lifespan | Longer lifespan, often exceeding 2000 charge cycles | Shorter lifespan, typically around 500 charge cycles |
| Maintenance | Generally maintenance-free | Requires regular maintenance to check fluid levels |
| Cost | Higher initial cost | Lower initial cost |
| Temperature Tolerance | Better temperature tolerance, can operate in a wider range of temperatures | Less tolerant to extreme temperatures, performance can degrade |
| Self-Discharge Rate | Lower self-discharge rate, retains charge for longer periods | Higher self-discharge rate, loses charge more quickly when not in use |
How Do Energy Densities Compare in Lithium and Lead Acid Batteries?
The energy densities of Lithium and Lead Acid batteries can be compared as follows:
| Battery Type | Energy Density (Wh/kg) | Typical Applications | Cycle Life (Cycles) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium Battery | 150-250 | Electric vehicles, portable electronics | 500-2000 |
| Lead Acid Battery | 30-50 | Automotive, backup power systems | 200-300 |
Lithium batteries generally have a much higher energy density compared to lead acid batteries, making them more efficient for applications requiring lightweight and high-capacity energy storage.
What Are the Charge Cycle Differences Between Lithium and Lead Acid Batteries?
Lithium and lead-acid batteries differ significantly in their charge cycles. Below is a comparison of their key characteristics:
| Feature | Lithium Batteries | Lead Acid Batteries |
|---|---|---|
| Charge Cycle Life | 2000-5000 cycles | 500-1000 cycles |
| Charging Speed | Fast charging (1-2 hours) | Slow charging (8-12 hours) |
| Efficiency | Up to 95% | 70-80% |
| Depth of Discharge (DoD) | Up to 80-90% | 50% |
| Self-Discharge Rate | Low (5% per month) | High (20% per month) |
| Temperature Range | -20°C to 60°C | -20°C to 50°C |
How Do Costs of Lithium and Lead Acid Batteries Compare?
The costs of Lithium and Lead Acid batteries can be compared based on several factors including initial cost, lifespan, energy density, efficiency, and environmental impact:
| Battery Type | Initial Cost | Lifespan | Energy Density | Efficiency | Environmental Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium | $300-$700 per kWh | 8-15 years | 150-250 Wh/kg | 90-95% | Lower, recyclable but mining impacts |
| Lead Acid | $100-$200 per kWh | 3-5 years | 30-50 Wh/kg | 70-85% | Higher, can leak toxic materials |
Lithium batteries have a higher initial cost but longer lifespan and better performance in terms of energy density and efficiency compared to Lead Acid batteries.
What Is the Initial Cost of Lithium Batteries vs Lead Acid Batteries?
The initial cost of Lithium batteries typically ranges from $500 to $1,200 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of capacity, while Lead Acid batteries generally range from $100 to $300 per kWh. Below is a comparison of the two types of batteries:
| Battery Type | Initial Cost (per kWh) | Cost Range |
|---|---|---|
| Lithium Battery | $500 – $1,200 | $500 – $1,200 |
| Lead Acid Battery | $100 – $300 | $100 – $300 |
How Do Long-Term Maintenance Costs Differ Between the Two Battery Types?
Long-term maintenance costs differ significantly between lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries, with lithium-ion batteries generally incurring lower costs due to higher efficiency and longer lifespan.
Lithium-ion batteries offer several advantages that contribute to reduced long-term maintenance costs:
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Longevity: Lithium-ion batteries typically last 10 to 15 years, compared to lead-acid batteries which generally last 3 to 5 years. This increased lifespan leads to fewer replacements and lower overall costs (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2016).
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Efficiency: Lithium-ion batteries have a higher charge and discharge efficiency, often exceeding 90%. Lead-acid batteries, by contrast, generally operate at around 70% efficiency. This efficiency means lithium-ion batteries need less energy for the same output, reducing electricity costs over time (García et al., 2020).
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Maintenance Requirements: Lithium-ion batteries require minimal maintenance. They do not need regular water top-ups, unlike lead-acid batteries, which can evaporate water and require maintenance to refill. This results in lower labor and material costs for lithium-ion batteries (Battery University, 2021).
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Depth of Discharge: Lithium-ion batteries can be discharged to a greater extent (up to 80% of their capacity) without damaging the battery. Lead-acid batteries, however, should not be discharged below 50% to maintain their lifespan, leading to restrictions in usable capacity and potential additional costs in energy management (Nykvist et al., 2019).
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Recycling and Disposal Costs: The recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries are becoming more efficient, and while initially more expensive, they are expected to decrease further over time. In contrast, lead-acid batteries have established, though costly, recycling processes that also involve regulatory considerations (Peters et al., 2021).
Overall, the prolonged lifespan, enhanced efficiency, and reduced maintenance needs of lithium-ion batteries lead to significantly lower long-term maintenance costs when compared to lead-acid batteries.
What Are the Performance Characteristics of Lithium vs Lead Acid Batteries?
| Characteristic | Lithium Batteries | Lead Acid Batteries |
|---|---|---|
| Energy Density | High (150-250 Wh/kg) | Low (30-50 Wh/kg) |
| Cycle Life | 2000-5000 cycles | 500-1000 cycles |
| Self-Discharge Rate | Low (1-5% per month) | High (5-15% per month) |
| Charging Time | Fast (1-3 hours) | Slow (8-16 hours) |
| Weight | Lightweight | Heavy |
| Efficiency | Higher (90-95%) | Lower (70-85%) |
| Temperature Tolerance | Wider range | Narrower range |
| Cost | Higher initial cost | Lower initial cost |
| Environmental Impact | Less toxic materials | More toxic materials |
Which Battery Provides Better Power Delivery During Discharge?
Lithium-ion batteries provide better power delivery during discharge compared to lead-acid batteries.
- High current output
- Faster discharge rate
- Longevity
- Efficiency
- Temperature tolerance
The above points highlight the characteristics that influence power delivery in batteries. Understanding these attributes can shed light on performance differences between lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries.
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High Current Output:
High current output refers to the ability of a battery to deliver large amounts of current over a short time. Lithium-ion batteries excel in this area, providing higher currents than lead-acid batteries. This enables applications such as electric vehicles and power tools to operate effectively. Research from the Electric Power Research Institute notes that lithium-ion batteries can deliver up to three times the current compared to equivalent lead-acid batteries. -
Faster Discharge Rate:
Faster discharge rate indicates how quickly a battery can release its stored energy. Lithium-ion batteries have a rapid discharge capacity, making them suitable for applications requiring immediate power, such as smartphones and laptops. In contrast, lead-acid batteries release energy more slowly. A study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory shows that lithium-ion batteries can achieve near-instantaneous power delivery, enhancing their performance in time-sensitive scenarios. -
Longevity:
Longevity describes the lifespan of a battery before it needs replacement or significant capacity loss. Lithium-ion batteries generally last longer than lead-acid batteries, often providing 2,000 to 5,000 charge cycles compared to 500 to 1,000 for lead-acid. The U.S. Department of Energy indicates that this longevity leads to lower overall costs in applications where battery replacement is frequent. -
Efficiency:
Efficiency measures how effectively a battery converts input energy into usable output energy. Lithium-ion batteries exhibit higher efficiency, usually around 90% to 95%, while lead-acid batteries offer 70% to 80% efficiency. According to a study by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, this higher efficiency leads to less energy waste and improved performance, especially in renewable energy systems. -
Temperature Tolerance:
Temperature tolerance indicates how well a battery performs under varying temperature conditions. Lithium-ion batteries operate effectively in a broader temperature range compared to lead-acid batteries, which typically experience decreased performance in extreme cold. Research conducted by the Battery Research Institute notes that lithium-ion batteries maintain their performance at temperatures as low as -20°C, while lead-acid batteries can struggle significantly at low temperatures.
In conclusion, lithium-ion batteries provide superior power delivery during discharge compared to lead-acid batteries based on high current output, faster discharge rate, longevity, efficiency, and temperature tolerance.
How Do Lithium and Lead Acid Batteries Perform in Extreme Temperature Conditions?
Lithium and lead acid batteries perform differently under extreme temperature conditions, with lithium batteries generally offering better performance and resilience compared to lead acid batteries.
Lithium Batteries:
– Temperature Range: Lithium batteries function effectively in a temperature range of -20°C to 60°C (-4°F to 140°F). At these temperatures, they maintain good energy efficiency and discharge rates.
– Low-Temperature Performance: Studies, such as one published by the Journal of Power Sources in 2019, indicate that lithium batteries can retain about 70% of their capacity even at -20°C (-4°F). This resilience is due to lithium’s electrochemistry, which allows for effective ion movement.
– High-Temperature Performance: At high temperatures of up to 60°C (140°F), lithium batteries can operate safely; however, performance can degrade. According to research by Xu et al. (2020), prolonged exposure to high temperatures can lead to reduced lifespan and increased risk of thermal runaway, a situation where the battery overheats and potentially catches fire.
Lead Acid Batteries:
– Temperature Range: Lead acid batteries operate best within a narrower range of 0°C to 40°C (32°F to 104°F). Performance suffers significantly outside this range.
– Low-Temperature Performance: Research from the International Journal of Energy Research (Smith et al., 2021) reveals that lead acid batteries can lose up to 50% of their capacity at -10°C (14°F). The chemical reactions inside the battery slow down, leading to decreased power output.
– High-Temperature Performance: At elevated temperatures above 40°C (104°F), lead acid batteries may experience increased self-discharge rates and shortened life spans due to accelerated corrosion and evaporation of electrolyte. A study by Zhang et al. (2022) indicates that sustained high temperatures can reduce battery life by up to 50%.
In conclusion, lithium batteries are more robust and perform better across a wider temperature range compared to lead acid batteries, which struggle in extreme cold and heat, leading to significant degradation in capacity and lifespan.
What Are the Typical Applications for Lithium and Lead Acid Batteries?
The typical applications for lithium and lead-acid batteries vary significantly, reflecting their unique characteristics. Lithium batteries are often used in modern electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. Lead-acid batteries have traditional applications in automotive starter systems, backup power supplies, and renewable energy storage.
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Applications of Lithium Batteries:
– Smartphones and laptops
– Electric vehicles (EVs)
– Solar energy storage systems
– Power tools
– Medical devices -
Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries:
– Automotive starting, lighting, and ignition systems
– Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
– Forklifts and other industrial equipment
– Renewable energy storage systems
– Off-grid systems
Both types of batteries have specific advantages and disadvantages that can influence their application in various contexts. While lithium batteries offer higher energy density and longer life cycles, lead-acid batteries are more established and often cheaper.
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Applications of Lithium Batteries:
Lithium batteries are widely used in devices such as smartphones and laptops. They are lightweight and provide a high energy capacity, which makes them ideal for portable electronics. According to the Battery University, the energy density of lithium-ion batteries is approximately 150-200 Wh/kg. Electric vehicles (EVs) also utilize lithium batteries due to their efficiency and ability to provide considerable power with lighter weight. The International Energy Agency reported that global sales of electric cars surpassed 6.6 million in 2021, showcasing the growing reliance on lithium technology. Solar energy storage systems frequently implement lithium batteries for their high efficiency in charging and discharging cycles. They also find use in power tools because of their fast charging capabilities. Medical devices, such as portable heart monitors or insulin pumps, often incorporate lithium batteries because they provide reliable power in compact forms. -
Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries:
Lead-acid batteries are predominantly used in automotive starter systems due to their ability to deliver high current on demand. The Society of Automotive Engineers notes that around 1.3 billion cars worldwide use lead-acid batteries for starting engines. They are also employed in uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), providing backup power during outages for homes and businesses. Their robust construction and lower cost make them fit for applications in forklifts and industrial scenarios, where heavy lifting occurs. Moreover, lead-acid batteries can store energy generated by renewable sources, acting as a buffer in off-grid systems. Although less energy-dense than lithium, lead-acid batteries have a significant backup role where weight is less of a concern and cost is paramount. However, the environmental impact of lead-acid batteries due to lead content raises concerns, making recycling critical for sustainability.
In What Industries Are Lithium Batteries Most Commonly Used?
Lithium batteries are most commonly used in several industries. These industries include consumer electronics, electric vehicles, renewable energy, and aerospace.
In consumer electronics, lithium batteries power devices like smartphones, laptops, and tablets. In electric vehicles, they store energy to drive motors efficiently. In renewable energy, they help store energy generated by solar and wind systems for later use. In aerospace, they provide lightweight and reliable power for aircraft systems and equipment.
What Are Common Applications for Lead Acid Batteries?
Lead acid batteries are commonly used in various applications due to their reliability and cost-effectiveness. They primarily serve in automotive, industrial, and energy storage applications.
The main applications for lead acid batteries include:
- Automotive starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI)
- Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
- Renewable energy systems
- Forklift and industrial equipment
- Telecommunications
- Marine applications
- Electric vehicles
While lead acid batteries are widely accepted, some argue that their environmental impact should be considered. Alternatives like lithium-ion batteries offer advantages in energy density and lifespan, but they come with higher costs. Nonetheless, lead acid batteries remain versatile and useful across multiple sectors.
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Automotive Starting, Lighting, and Ignition (SLI):
Lead acid batteries are essential for starting vehicles. They provide the necessary power to start internal combustion engines, which requires a high burst of energy. According to the Battery Council International, around 90 million lead acid batteries are used in vehicles each year. Their ability to supply short-term high current is unmatched, making them ideal for this application. -
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS):
Lead acid batteries provide backup power for critical systems during outages. UPS systems use these batteries to ensure continuous operation of computers and medical equipment. The Global Market Insights report in 2021 indicated that the UPS market, significantly utilizing lead acid batteries, was valued at over $6 billion. Their ability to deliver reliable temporary power enhances safety and operational efficiency. -
Renewable Energy Systems:
In renewable energy setups, lead acid batteries store energy collected from solar panels or wind turbines. They allow for energy usage during periods without sunlight or wind. Studies show that lead acid batteries are one of the most cost-effective energy storage solutions for solar energy. Their longevity and recyclability make them a popular choice for energy systems. -
Forklift and Industrial Equipment:
Lead acid batteries are widely used in forklifts and other industrial vehicles. They provide the heavy-duty power required for operation in warehouses and manufacturing plants. The Industrial Truck Association indicates that over 600,000 electric forklifts use lead acid batteries for their efficiency and cost-effectiveness. -
Telecommunications:
In the telecommunications sector, lead acid batteries support critical communication systems during power failures. They enable uninterrupted service, crucial for emergency services and broadcasting. Research from the Telecommunication Industry Association outlines the reliability of lead acid batteries in maintaining connectivity during outages. -
Marine Applications:
Lead acid batteries power boats and other marine equipment. They are favored for their ability to withstand harsh conditions and provide the necessary starting power for marine engines. Examples include starting batteries in leisure boats and deep-cycle batteries for onboard power needs. -
Electric Vehicles:
While primarily associated with traditional vehicles, lead acid batteries have a role in certain electric vehicles, especially in low-speed models. They are less expensive than lithium-ion batteries but also have lower energy density. According to the International Energy Agency, lead acid batteries accounted for a small but significant portion of EV sales in specific markets.
These applications illustrate the versatility of lead acid batteries across multiple industries. Their affordability and effectiveness ensure they remain a crucial part of energy solutions even as newer technologies emerge.
What Environmental Considerations Should Be Taken Into Account for Each Battery Type?
Environmental considerations for each battery type include the impact on resource extraction, manufacturing processes, life cycle emissions, and end-of-life disposal or recycling.
- Resource Extraction
- Manufacturing Processes
- Life Cycle Emissions
- End-of-Life Disposal or Recycling
Considering these environmental factors helps build a comprehensive understanding of the different battery technologies.
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Resource Extraction: Resource extraction refers to the environmental consequences associated with obtaining raw materials used in battery production. For instance, lithium-ion batteries require lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The extraction of these materials often leads to habitat destruction and significant water usage. A 2020 report by the World Bank indicated that lithium extraction can consume up to 2 million liters of water per ton of lithium produced. On the other hand, lead-acid batteries require lead, which is often sourced through mining practices that produce toxic waste and groundwater contamination.
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Manufacturing Processes: Manufacturing processes encompass the energy consumed and emissions produced during battery production. Lithium-ion batteries typically demand high energy input during production, which may involve fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, lead-acid batteries, while requiring less energy to manufacture, can emit lead and sulfur dioxide, which have harmful effects on human health and the environment. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that battery production could account for up to 70% of the total carbon footprint of electric vehicles.
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Life Cycle Emissions: Life cycle emissions represent the total greenhouse gases emitted throughout a battery’s life, from cradle to grave. According to a study by the European Commission in 2019, lithium-ion batteries have a lower life cycle emission profile when charged with renewable energy compared to lead-acid batteries. However, the mining and production phases add considerable emissions if the energy source is not clean. This variance can impact the overall carbon footprint depending on the energy mix used during the battery’s use phase.
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End-of-Life Disposal or Recycling: End-of-life disposal or recycling addresses how batteries are managed after their useful life. Lithium-ion batteries can be recycled effectively but require specialized processes, which are still being developed. Around 95% of lithium-ion battery materials can potentially be recycled, according to the Department of Energy (DOE). In contrast, lead-acid batteries have a well-established recycling framework, with about 97% of lead reclaimed and reused, thus minimizing their environmental footprint when managed correctly. However, improper disposal could result in lead contamination of soil and waterways, posing significant health risks.
By understanding these factors, stakeholders can make more informed decisions regarding battery selection and management practices, and contribute to environmentally responsible development in the battery industry.
What Are the Future Trends and Innovations for Lithium and Lead Acid Battery Technologies?
The future trends and innovations for lithium and lead-acid battery technologies include advancements in energy density, recycling methods, and alternative chemistries.
- Enhanced Energy Density
- Advanced Recycling Techniques
- Solid-State Batteries
- Fast-Charging Technologies
- Alternative Chemistries
- Improved Safety Measures
The landscape of battery technology is evolving rapidly. Each trend represents significant opportunities and challenges for both lithium and lead-acid battery types.
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Enhanced Energy Density: Enhanced energy density refers to the increase in the amount of energy a battery can store per unit weight or volume. This improvement is crucial for applications like electric vehicles (EVs), where lighter batteries contribute to better performance and efficiency. According to a report by the U.S. Department of Energy (2022), advancements in lithium-ion battery chemistry can lead to energy densities exceeding 300 Wh/kg, significantly higher than current lead-acid options which typically offer around 30-50 Wh/kg. This makes lithium batteries more favorable for portable devices and modern electric transportation.
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Advanced Recycling Techniques: Advanced recycling techniques involve innovative methods to reclaim materials from used batteries. The importance of recycling grows as battery usage increases, especially for lithium batteries, which contain valuable metals like cobalt and nickel. Research by the Argonne National Laboratory (2023) emphasizes that effective recycling can recover up to 95% of these materials. Conversely, lead-acid batteries are already recyclable, with about 97% of the lead being recoverable. However, new techniques aim to improve the efficiency and sustainability of the lead-acid recycling process.
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Solid-State Batteries: Solid-state batteries use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, enhancing safety and energy density. This technology is still in development but shows promise in the market. Companies like Toyota and QuantumScape are actively pursuing solid-state technology, with estimates suggesting that they could reach commercialization within the next few years. Solid-state batteries could potentially offer energy densities of up to 500 Wh/kg and improved thermal stability, making them safer and more efficient than both conventional lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries.
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Fast-Charging Technologies: Fast-charging technologies enable batteries to charge more quickly, improving usability in everyday applications. For lithium batteries, researchers are developing methods to increase charging rates without compromising battery life. Studies indicate that with the right technological advancements, lithium batteries could achieve 80% charge in under 15 minutes (Battery University, 2022). Lead-acid variants are typically slower to charge, which may limit their applications in time-sensitive scenarios.
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Alternative Chemistries: Alternative chemistries represent new approaches to battery construction, such as lithium-sulfur and sodium-ion formulations. These alternatives may offer advantages like lower costs and improved sustainability. For instance, lithium-sulfur batteries could potentially reach higher energy densities and lower costs compared to traditional lithium-ion solutions. Sodium-ion batteries gain interest due to the abundance of sodium, offering a more sustainable option compared to lithium. Research in these areas is ongoing, with the potential to disrupt the current battery technology landscape.
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Improved Safety Measures: Improved safety measures focus on reducing risks associated with battery failures, including fires and explosions. Lithium batteries are often criticized for safety issues; however, manufacturers are implementing features like thermal management systems and better battery management systems (BMS) to monitor performance. According to a study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2023), these technologies can significantly reduce safety incidents. Lead-acid batteries also receive upgrades in safety features, though they are generally less prone to catastrophic failures compared to lithium variants.
These trends and innovations suggest a significant evolution in both lithium and lead-acid battery technologies, addressing performance, safety, and environmental concerns. The advancements will play a crucial role in shaping applications from consumer electronics to electric vehicles in the coming years.
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